Role conception is defined as the perceptions of foreign policy makers’ on their nations’ position in the international system, its national interests and the key principles that allow it to defend them. They include perceptions of the general kinds of decisions, rules, commitments, and long term functions associated with these factors.

Power is a concept that refers to the influence and control exercised by one nation over others. Power is both the means used and the goal sought by states in political, military, economic, and social competition with each other.

Game Theory is built on the rational actor assumption.

Foreign policy is “the ‘actions of an independent political authority’ because it is reserved to sovereign states. However, foreign policy decisions are not made in an “international” vacuum. There is a strong domestic dimension of every foreign policy decision. As such foreign policy-making will not be restricted to “traditional” foreign policy actors only and that other bureaucracies will become involved”, and even “actors from other countries may have… (an impact) on the politics surrounding foreign policymaking.” (Kirişçi, 2009, p.41). Besides, contemporary literature argues that, “foreign policy, although usually linked to the behavior of a state, can apply to other actors. Thus, it is perfectly possible to speak of companies, regional governments, and nonstate actors having foreign policies.In addition, at least for one particular theory of International Relations, classical realism, foreign policy was a cornerstone in the study of international relations.

The public opinion in terms of foreign policy is divided into three categories; people, attentive people, and opinion leaders. Passive people are masses who are not interested in foreign policy and approach to it emotionally. The attentive public is a minor group among the masses who are interested in foreign policy and have sufficient knowledge about it. Opinion leaders, on the other hand, are a very small group who has not only knowledge about foreign policy but also has the ability to influence, guide, and reflect the opinion of the public.

The Cold War refers to the non-violent conflict between the Western block led by the United States of America and the Eastern block led by Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and it lasted between the years 1947 and 1989

In a bipolar international system, there would only exist two major poles/powers. Therefore, the Cold War between 1949 and 1989 is the best example of the bipolar international system.

As opposed to democratic states, authoritarian states would feel more comfortable with employing coercive and costly strategies in their foreign policy, since leaders of such regimes would not feel themselves constrained by public opinion and electoral concerns. Such leaders would more likely prioritize the continuation of their rule in government over national interest.

Thus, the correct answer is E. 

The correct answer is D. Sovereignty could be limited by entering into the international treaties and agreements. The key here is that the traditional notion of sovereignty assumes that states enter into such obligations on their free will. However, as they do they do surrender a certain measure of sovereignty.

A short list of the elements of national power would include: the size of the state; its geopolitical location;the number, technical and intellectual quality of scientific elites; the size of the military forces, theirtechnological level, equipment, firepower, force projection capabilities, training, culture and morale; the fertility of the territory it controls; the abundance and variety of natural resources-including but not limited to energy resources; the size of the population, its demographics, its level of human development; its level of economic development, including the size of GDP, the per capita distribution of GDP, the quality,extent and diffusion of the infrastructure (system and networks of transportation, energy, communication etc.); the strength and diversity of industrial development; the quality of the educational system; the organizational success, quality and competency of research and development activities (the number of original patents, the commercialization ratio of research and development efforts etc.); the nature and strength of the political, social and economic system and institutions; the quality of its foreign policy and diplomats; the quality of leadership; the national character and morale of the population.

Liberal pluralist perspective values the role of societal and intra-state level factors in foreign policy analysis. States are not unitary actors and their internal characteristics would decisively shape their foreign policy preferences and actions.

Thus, the correct answer is C. 

The correct answer is D.The Cold War refers to the non-violent conflict between the Western block led by the United States of America and the Eastern block led by Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and it lasted between the years 1947 and 1989. 

Mediator-integrator role conception is used to define states that perceive themselves as capable of, or responsible for, fulfilling or undertaking special tasks to reconcile conflicts between other states or groups of states.

Gross national income is not an issue to consider in terms of external factors.

The correct choice is D.

Whether a country is ruled by democratic or non-democratic regimes might affect how that country defines its foreign policy interests and act accordingly. Also, the institutional structure of democratic regimes as well as the democratic values held by the people would likely prevent states from taking costly decisions and resorting to war. Thus, the correct option is D.

Sequential decisions involve a series of interrelated decisions, such as whether to intervene in Syria; increase or decrease troop levels; whether to withdraw or to stay; and, finally, when the operation should end.

The aim of this attempt is to predict the future foreign policy acts of states.

Although these three levels are instrumental and explanatory in analysing foreign policy, the rise in the number and density of transnational actors (TNAs) has transformed the international system, making interconnectivity outside of traditional state-to-state conduct more likely (Alden and Aran, 2017, 3). It is not always possible to detect one level in different approaches of FPA. While some approaches strictly stick to one level of analysis, others use different levels in the
same analysis even if they feature one of the levels.

In line with the liberal International Relations theory, the scholars who focus on internal factors in explaining foreign policies of states assume that states are not unitary actors and what goes within states matter a lot. Moreover, whether a country is ruled by democratic or non-democratic regimes might affect how that country defines its foreign policy interests and act accordingly. 

The institutional structure of democratic regimes as well as the democratic values held by the people would likely prevent states from taking costly decisions and resorting to war. The checks and balances structure in state administration, the need on the part of politicians to secure the votes of
electorate for upcoming elections and the consensus building culture among different constituencies would all prevent the ruling elites from taking costly decisions in foreign policy. However, this does not mean that democratic regimes would never adopt coercive foreign policy strategies in their dealing with non-democratic countries.

Thus, the correct answer is B. 

Two-Level Games : “The politics of many international negotiations can usefully be conceived as a two-level game. At the national level, domestic groups pursue their interests by pressuring the government to adopt favorable policies, and politicians seek power by constructing coalitions among those groups. At the international level, national governments seek to maximize their own ability to satisfy domestic pressures, while minimizing the adverse consequences of foreign developments. Neither of the two games can be ignored by central decision-makers, so long as their countries remain interdependent, yet sovereign.”

The correct answer is D.