Great powers are in a better position to determine the rules of global governance. The correct answer is A.

Greenpeace deals with problems related to the climate change and environment

The World Bank defines international non-governmental organizations as “private organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services or undertake community development.”

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is the principal UN body that is mainly responsible for the UN’s economic and social programs. The correct answer is A. 

Transnational advocacy networks: “A transnational advocacy network includes those relevant actors working internationally on an issue who are bound together by shared values, a common discourse, and dense exchanges of information and services”.Therefore, the correct option is D.

UN aimed at restoring peace and maintain security, establishing friendly relations among nations, addressing economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems.It also aimed to promote respect for universal human rights. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

The first significant contribution of the UN to the global governance of human rights is its function of establishing human rights norms and standards, of which the most notable example is the adoption of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the General Assembly

Joseph Nye has classified power as “soft power,” “hard power,” and “smart power.” Hard power is the use of coercion and payment; soft power is the ability to obtain preferred outcomes through attraction; smart power is the combination of the tools of both hard power and soft power.

Intergovernmental Organizations are defined as “entities created with sufficient organizational structure and autonomy to provide formal, ongoing, multilateral processes of decision making between states, along with the capacity to execute the collective will of their member states” (Volgy et al., 2008: 851).

Founded in 1962, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) is one of the important third generation think tanks in the United States.

They identified key areas of the UN as military security, economic and social development, human rights, and international justice (Hanhimaki, 2008: 15- 16).

The Argentinian economist Raul Prebisch played the leading role in the foundation of the G-77. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

This section examines the six principal organs of the UN: the General Assembly, Security Council (UNSC), Secretariat, Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Trusteeship Council, and the International Court of Justice (ICJ).

Great powers manage their relations with one another in the interest of international order through: (i) preserving the general balance of power, (ii) seeking to avoid or control crises in their relations with one another, and (iii) seeking to limit or contain wars among one another. They exploit their preponderance in relation to the rest of international society by (iv) unilaterally exploiting their local preponderance, (v) agreeing to respect one another’s spheres of influence, and (vi) joint action, as is implied by the idea of a great power concert or condominium. The correct answer is E. 

Think tanks are organizations that promote new ideas, conduct research, and lobby governments about various topics including politics, foreign policy, military and defense issues, social and cultural problems, and the economy. Therefore, the correct option is B.

The members of ECOSOC are elected by the General Assembly for three-year terms. ECOSOC holds one five-week session each year alternately in New York and Geneva. Its year-round work is carried out by its subsidiary commissions and committees.ECOSOC initially had eighteen members. However, especially with the decolonization movement, new members from the developing world joined ECOSOC. As a result, the number of its members first increased to twenty-seven in 1965 and then to its current number of fifty-four in 1973. Each member has an equal voting right and, unlike the Security Council, no member has veto power.Although the Charter established ECOSOC as one of the six main organs of the UN, ECOSOC operates under the General Assembly. The UN and its bodies, including ECOSOC, have been frequently criticized for their inefficiency, duplication, and fragmentation that caused inefficient use of resources and ultimately a clear lack of organizational goals. Therefore, some critics have called for the elimination of ECOSOC; however, most of its members, and especially the developing countries, do not agree.

The correct answer is C. 

The United Nations officially acknowledged international non-governmental organizations. “The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) has been the main entry point into the UN system for NGOs. ECOSOC remains the only main UN body with a formal framework for NGO participation. In 1946, 41 NGOs were granted consultative status by the council; by 1992 more than 700 NGOs had attained consultative status and the number has been steadily increasing ever since to more than 3,400 organizations today” (United Nations, 2011: 2).

The given argument belongs to Cord Meyer whose “plan for survival” turned the UN system into a world government. The correct answer is A.

According to Hedley Bull, great powers “manage their relations with one another in the interest of international order” through:

(i) preserving the general balance of power,

(ii) seeking to avoid or control crises in their relations with one another, and

(iii) seeking to limit or contain wars among one another. They exploit their preponderance in relation to the rest of international society by

(iv) unilaterally exploiting their local preponderance,

(v) agreeing to respect one another’s spheres of influence, and

(vi) joint action, as is implied by the idea of a great power concert or condominium”. 

Therefore, the correct option is A.

Charter amendments must be adopted by two-thirds majority of the General Assembly. Therefore, the correct choice is B.