Western-Hemisphere countries, African nations pose major problems that limit political participation by citizens. With a few exceptions such as the Republic of South Africa, states are more interested in establishing independence or freedom from oppression than in promising stability for citizen-government collaboration.The correct answer is A.

Progressive political belief emphasizes responsibility for one’s own behavior. 

Somewhat later, during the nineteenth century when liberal individualism became more common in political discussions, the French sociologist Emile Durkheim (1858–1917) provided explanations for how individualism (the concept of self) could be known.

Anthropologically speaking, there are two principal notions of culture. The first one is the holistic notion of culture, and the second is the syncretic notion of culture. The former (holistic) considers culture a highly integrated and grasped static ‘whole’.

We can turn to the country of Switzerland to find a good example of direct democracy. With a population of just over 8 million people, it ranks 99th in size among all United Nations member countries. All Swiss citizens of at least 18 years of age take part in government decision-making.

The answer is A.

From roots in liberalism, individuals have a stronger desire to support self interest than for ancestral values found in oriental cultures. The correct answer is D.

The term denizen refers to a special legal status of long-term resident foreign nationals who enjoy most of the civil liberties and social welfare rights of resident citizens, often including rights to family reunification, some protection from deportation, and voting rights in local elections, as well as quasi-entitlements to naturalization. The correct answer is D.

Citizens cannot be required to participate in the political process. They do so voluntarily.

Initiatives can cover a wider range of ideas such as establishing term limits and salary caps for elected officials, changes in taxation laws, and bond initiatives to raise money for road work or schools. Since initiatives are more wide-ranging,
they are less likely to pass. The correct answer is B.

The naturalization procedure in France requires five years of permanent residence.

Conservatives believe that stability comes from fixed, unchanging rules. The correct answer is E.

Perhaps the most important focus on the individual and their responsibilities for action and involvement in matters of government can be seen in the French Revolution, especially in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, delivered in 1789.

Conservative political belief emphasizes fixed and unchanging rules for stability.

George Gallup, Archibald Crossley and Elmo Roper developed modern-day opinion polling in the early 1930s.

The answer is A.

The concept of individualism became popular as the result of social movements at the end of the 18th century. The correct answer is D.

The legal systems of nearly all countries are generally modeled on five elements: civil law; common law; customary law; mixed or pluralistic law; and religious law

Plato suggested that an aristocracy led by philosopher-kings (the wisest men) would be a more just form of government. Plato claimed that government which serves individual citizen’s changing needs, instead of works to help the population as a group, would lead to mob rule.

In the United Kingdom, the movement for protecting the rights of citizens began with the Magna Carta (the Great Charter) in 1215. It is considered one of the most important documents in the world history as it set forth the principle that everyone, including the king, is subject to law, and that everyone has the right to a fair trial.

The correct answer is B.