Polıtıcal Thought Ara 1. Deneme Sınavı
Toplam 20 Soru1.Soru
“…Let every man abide in the same calling in which he was called. Wast thou called, being a bondman? care not for it … For he that is called in the Lord, being a bondman, is the freeman of the Lord. Likewise he that is called, being free, is the bondman of Christ…” (Corinthians 7: 20–22).
The verse above proves that Christianity is indifferent to which matter?
Slavery |
Property |
Kingdom of Christ |
Gender equality |
Worship |
Christianity is agreed to be indifferent to matters of slavery; which is also compatible with the Ancient Greek thought. The following quotations from the different parts of The New Testament show that slavery is not considered a big social problem in the eyes of Christianity. Moreover, Christianity advises slaves to be obedient to their masters, regardless of whether they are good or evil:
“…Let every man abide in the same calling in which he was called. Wast thou called, being a bondman? care not for it … For he that is called in the Lord, being a bondman, is the freeman of the Lord. Likewise he that is called, being free, is the bondman of Christ…” (Corinthians 7: 20–22).
2.Soru
Aristotle defines “politeia” as “The government of …….”
a single person who aims the common good. |
a minority group who aims the common good. |
a single person who targets the interests of single person. |
a minority group who aims the interests of the rich. |
the majority of the people who aims the common good. |
According to Aristotle,
Monarchy is the government of a single person who aims the common good
Aristocracy is the government of a minority group who aims the common good
Tyranny is the government of a single person who targets the interests of single person
Oligarchy is the government of a minority group who aims the interests of the rich
Politeia is the government of the majority of the people which aims the common good
3.Soru
Which one of the followings can be pointed out as one of the oldest versions of egalitarian thought?
Stoicism |
Totalitarianism |
Libertarianism |
Cynicism |
Meritocracy |
Looking at the successors of Socrates, we can see an important ancient school of political thought that is usually pointed out as one of the oldest versions of egalitarianism: Cynicism. The word cynic, in fact, is from an ancient word used to imply dog. Cynics’ primitive life style was resembled to life of a dog and, therefore, the name of “cynic” was given them by their political opponents. Cynicism was a reactive movement against to the highly non-egalitarian society. The members of the movement were the lowest part of the society who was supported by the foreigners and exiles who were not given a right to citizenship. However, their egalitarian reaction to stratified society was not considerably successful in spreading among the poor.
4.Soru
Who was the most influential Christian theologian of late antiquity?
Cyprian |
Gregory |
Ambrose |
Augustine |
Plotinus |
The Christian theologians of late antiquity are referred to as the Fathers of the Church. The most influential of them in medieval Europe was Augustine; others included Ambrose, Cyprian, and Gregory.
5.Soru
All of the following are stated by Ibn Khaldûn in The Muqaddimah EXCEPT
The life span of ‘umrân is depended on the sedentary culture. |
Degeneration is a result of loss of moral values |
Indulgence in luxury causes corruption in religion. |
Indulgence in luxury results in corruption of personality. |
The goal of ‘umrân is sedentary culture and economic wealth. |
Ibn Khaldûn argues that “what is subject to life span is the sedentary culture as the product of ‘umrân, rather than ‘umrân itself."
6.Soru
What is the body of laws made within certain Christian churches (Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, independent churches of Eastern Christianity, and the Anglican Communion) by lawful ecclesiastical authority for thegovernment of both the whole church and parts?
Natural law |
Civil law |
Canon law |
Law of God |
The Christian Law |
Canon law (ius canonicum) refers to the body of laws made within certain Christian churches (Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, independent churches of Eastern Christianity, and the Anglican Communion) by lawful ecclesiastical authority for the government of both the whole church and parts thereof and of the behaviour and actions of individuals. In a wider sense, the term includes precepts of divine law, natural or positive, incorporated in the canonical collections and codes.
7.Soru
Relying on aforementioned background information, we can notice that power inevitably refers to the use of _______ in relational terms.
norms |
values |
culture |
force |
dialogue |
Relying on aforementioned background information, we can notice that power inevitably refers to the use of force in relational terms. It cannot be limited to political affairs and can even be observed within small groups, between two people as well as between institutions and organizations.
8.Soru
Which of the followings can be considered as the contributions of the Ancient Chinese political thought to political policies?
Influential expressions of commitment |
Multilayered aphorisms on ethical conduct |
How the system of ruling should be formed |
The way rulers should act/decide |
How the system of ruling should be revised or challenged |
Since the formation of the first social groups, human beings have always been in need to reflect upon three issues concerning the politics: Power and authority, the way rulers should act/decide and how the system of ruling should be formed, revised or challenged. First systematic reflections on both how to govern and organize the society and the effects of particular policies can be traced back to
the Ancient Greece.
This is not to underestimate the contributions of the Ancient Chinese political thought, which was based on multilayered aphorisms on ethical conduct, or Hindu political speculation, which produced influential expressions of commitment to the political order in a rather didactic form.
9.Soru
Which of the following terms refers in Ockhamin common with the Christian tradition-to the situation of human beings sent to earth by God?
Thrown |
Fall |
Sent |
Wake |
Acquire |
The term “Fall” refers in Ockhamin common with the Christian tradition-to the situation of human beings sent to earth by God due to the original sin (that of Adam’s).
10.Soru
It is a presupposition that the medieval thought includes the prescholastic, scholastic and ________ periods.
middle age |
scholasticism |
late scholastic |
early scholastic |
modern scholastic |
It is a presupposition without any further discussion, too, that the medieval thought includes the “prescholastic”, “scholastic” and “late scholastic” periods.
11.Soru
What was the difference between Averroës and Al-Fârâbî?
Positioning of the powers of the caliph |
Focusing on the individual ruler as a social figure |
Focusing on issues of government |
Evaluating the relationship between philosophers and nonphilosophers as static |
Searching for a middle term or other intelligibles at the end of a thinking process |
Averroës, different from Al-Fârâbî, evaluates the relationship between philosophers and nonphilosophers as static.
12.Soru
Which one of the following foundational terms of political thought is used to express a form of legitimate power and derives from "auctoritas"?
Legitimacy |
Sovereignty |
Ruling |
Authority |
Power |
In ancient Rome, the elderly and the prominent members of the society, most of who were actual members of the Senate were thought to haveauctoritas. The term implied that their words were to be trusted and they should be respected. The word authority comes from auctoritas and can be defined as legitimate power.
13.Soru
- Ethics
- Household Management
- Politics
- The Discipline of Legislating
Which of the above was/were added by Avicenna to practical philosophy, on the social side of religion?
Only I |
Only III |
Only IV |
I and II |
I, II and IV |
Related with the social side of religion, Avicenna added a fourth tract to practical philosophy (in addition to ethics, household management, and politics), which he called “the discipline of legislating”. As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is C. The discipline of legislating was added by Avicenna as a fourth tract to practical philosophy.
14.Soru
Desert mainly refers to ________ or aspiring something, either good or bad.
deserving |
labeling |
explaining |
portraying |
pronouncing |
A particular set of actions of a government to avoid the deepening of inequality may not lead to the loss of the legitimacy if the justice prevails. This issue also relates to the conceptions of desert and right. Desert mainly refers to deserving or aspiring something, either good or bad. In line with the term’s definition, the desert-centered conception of justice can be roughly considered as a conception of system in which people are entitled only to get what they deserve to.
15.Soru
According to the Straussian approach, various elements in political thought such as time and _______ are degenerating accompaniments for the abstract and clear form.
Contextualization |
Place |
Ideologies |
Political aspects |
Philosophers |
According to the Straussian approach regarding with the political thought, universal human condition must be evaluated autonomously. According to this approach, various elements in political thought such as time and place are degenerating accompaniments for the abstract and clear form.
16.Soru
Who is pointed out as the Islamic philosopher who followed the path built by his predecessor named Al-Farabi in political thought, as well as in metaphysics?
Avicenna |
Al-Ghazali |
Averroes |
Al-Mawardi |
Ibn Khaldun |
In political thought, as well as in metaphysics, Avicenna followed the path built by his predecessor, Al-Fa^ra^bi^. For Al-Fa^ra^bi^, the conditions for ideal rule are mostly related with the functions of the soul and the intellect. Avicenna thoroughly studied the soul in its totality and in all its functions, whether rational, animal, or vegetative. He charted the operations of all the senses in detail, including the five external senses and especially the five internal senses located in the brain-namely, common sense, imagery (where the forms of things are stored), imagination, estimation (judging/guessing the imperceptible significance or connotations for us of sensed objects, like friendship and enmity, which also includes instinctive sensing), and memory-and how they could help or prevent or slow down the intellect in finding out the middle term and perceiving intelligibles more generally.
17.Soru
Which of the followings can be concluded about Avicenna? I. He continued the Neoplatoic emanationist scheme of existence. II. He shared the same sight with the classical Muslim theologians. III. He rejected creation ex nihilo.
I |
I-II |
II-III |
I-III |
III |
Avicenna is considered to be a descendant of Alfarabi as he continued the Neoplatoic emanationist scheme of existence. In contrast with the classical Muslim theologians, and argued that cosmos has no beginning but is a natural logical product of the divine One; which would later be attacked by Al-Ghazâlî. The superabundant, pure Good- i.e. the One cannot fail to produce an ordered and good cosmos that does not succeed him in time. The cosmos succeeds God merely in logical order and in existence (Rizvi, n.d.).
18.Soru
Which of the following reflects Ibn Khaldûn’s view, as stated in The Muqaddimah?
Caliphate and mulk envisage a similar model of government. |
Development is possible only if there is justice. |
Mulk is a state in which fundamental rules of religion are executed. |
Sultans and their successors are the rightful caliphs. |
Long-lasting civilization is dependent on the success of mulk. |
In The Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldûn states that “development could not be provided without justice” and that wealth, which is necessary for the survival of people, cannot be acquired in the absence of development.
19.Soru
Which one of the followings is not true about Augustine's thought?
Augustine's thought illustrates as a philosophy of black and white where there are sharp distinctions between good and evil |
In Augustine’s philosophy, it is impossible to point out that the peace of all things lies in the tranquillity of order |
In Augustine’s philosophy, it is impossible to point out that order is the disposition of equal and unequal things |
Saint Augustine's work of The City of God was strictly forbidden to be copied in the middle ages |
Augustine’s most famous contribution to theology had been the doctrine of true ruler |
We cannot see or consider Saint Augustine’s thought as a philosophy of “black and white”, of a sharp and clear opposition between the forces of light and the forces of darkness-like the Manichean philosophy.
20.Soru
Since the formation can be understood as a material form gaining process, we can comprehend a formation through influencing factors.
Which of the followings is NOT one of these factors?
Material causes |
Formal causes |
Advantageous causes |
Effective causes |
Target-oriented causes |
Since the formation can be understood as a material form gaining process, we can comprehend a formation through influencing factors: material causes, formal causes, effective causes, and targetoriented causes. Aristotle said that target-oriented (teleological) causes were the ones that provide a competent form to the formation. Thus, if we reveal the targets of formations, then we can achieve a true comprehension. That is to say, in order to understand the things, one should consider the form, rather than the material. For instance, target of an acorn is to be an oak tree.
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