is used to compute the number of equivalent units to calculate the work needed to complete the beginning work-in-process

is a term used to exclude sales from cost calculations as they are are already added to the previous period. 

is a term used to estimate the costs with the relevant period-specific production volumes and costs per equivalent unit

is the term used to define the situation in which over-costing in one or more products results in under-costing in other products.

is the term incurred to complete the beginning work-in-process inventory added to the cost carried from the previous period