Attitudinal integration is concerned with the sources of support or opposition to regional integration among the public at large and among the political and economic elites. Attitudes affect the development of policy and institutional integration. For instance, European public support for a more effective, credible and coherent EU foreign policy as well as external demands and expectations are one of the key factors shaping the actorness of the Union. It is also important to recognize the transformative nature of the European integration: transformation of the nation-state by the EU and transformation of the EU by the member states and the contradictory and differential impact of globalization on the EU.