There are some internal factors that influence foreign policy decisions, such as bureaucracy, interest groups, pressure groups, media and public opinion. Attentive public is a concept used to provide a framework for researches on public opinion. One can define attentive public as the “proportion of the people in mass society who hold articulate, informed and coherent attitudes about public policy issues” (Evans and Newnham, 1998, p. 38). As also understood from the information given, the concept defined as the “proportion of the people in mass society who hold articulate, informed and coherent attitudes about public policy issues, so the correct answer is E.

The definitions for the other concepts in the options are as follows:

Bureaucracy is any wide-reaching group of assigned officials in order to execute foreign policy decisions of the decision makers. The first usage of bureaucracy was when Max Weber (1864-1920) described the term as the most affective way to establish an organization and administration. Besides, its complex structure of offices, tasks, and rules shape bureaucracy as a large scale institution in order to coordinate the work of employees. In that vein, bureaucracy has a significant impact on foreign policy of which has become an important element of foreign policy literature by the 1960s. The role of the administrative structures of government on foreign policy decision making has become a key topic for the studies in that field. Within the scope of foreign policy, bureaucracy is viewed as a sort of synonym for governments which means a group of official individuals with different policy preferences.

An interest group is a group of people who share out a common interest. Putting it differently, these are organized groups of individuals that have an attraction on governments when it comes to foreign policy decisions. Labor unions, lobby groups, important figures in business, religious groups might be viewed as interest groups and each of them has distinctive characteristic when it comes to their impacts on foreign policies in their countries. Most interest groups have a participation system in which they can easily get in touch with each other in order to fulfill their goals whatever these goals are. When they interact with governments, interest groups mostly do two main things. First, interest groups attempt to shape policies by mobilizing the voters or through the way of putting direct pressure on officials. Second, they sometimes prefer to gather information for officials when the need arises. Within this framework, it may be said that well-funded interest groups can provide too costly information to governments when bureaucrats are not enable to reach them.

Pluralism is a term used to describe a political system which includes several different cultures, belief systems and lifestyles while working together by sharing common political aims within the framework of politics and tolerating each other in order to live together peacefully. As interest groups do, pressure groups also aim to influence governments, not take power themselves. For affecting governments, pressure groups are able to work in different environments with multiple variety of people through different ways like lobbying, media campaigning, and demonstrations. Within the scope of its multiple social environment of pressure groups, it may be said that the existence of pressure groups enhances pluralism in a society.

It should be said from the start that the concept of public opinion may be defined in many ways within the framework of foreign policy. In other words, in the literature on public opinion there exists a variety of definitions. For example, Pierre Bourdieu has approached to public opinion as if there is no such a thing like that by saying that “public opinion does not exist” (1979:124)”. Apart from the discussion about its ontology, one can define the concept of public opinion as “the attitudes and opinions of the population of a society. It is often often measured by through the the use of surveys” (Breuning, 2007, p.183). What is the most arguable point on this subject is what is the best way of measuring public opinion and the jury is still out there. Though public opinion surveys conducted perpetually, as claimed by Morin and Paquin (2018, p.167), “the press only reports a tiny selection of polls” and decision makers in foreign policy kept constantly be informed with these poll results as if these are important elements of public opinion.