Postmodernism, like feminism, is critical to other approaches. Postmodernism is not only effective in sociology but also in art, music, literature, culture and social sciences. Postmodernism has developed as an opposition to modernism, which emerged in the 18th century during the enlightenment period and consists of ideas, values, and hypotheses that rely on technology, knowledge, and progress. Postmodernism has led to intellectual transformation in sociology and in the western thought as a whole. Giddens
(2009: 98) argues that postmodernism has recently lost its importance, especially in the face of globalization theories, and that globalization
theories are more explanatory in understanding the direction of social change in today’s 21st century societies.