concerned with arranging and assigning tasks, allocating resources, and structuring work in order to reach organizational objectives.

one of the main management functions that are typically organized out of planning function

to design organizations and assign roles and responsibilities to promote organisational efficiency of managers

divided  into specific jobs by not assigning tasks and responsibilities for each job and coordinating the assigned tasks

seen when managers do not allocate organizational resources efficiently and
effectively by specifying the needs to be met