Self-Efficacy Theory (also known as social cognitive theory or social learning theory) refers to the belief of an individual about being capable of performing a task. Bandura (1995) explains that it “refers to beliefs in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations” Self-Determination Theory was first developed as “cognitive evaluation theory (CET)” which emphasizes the strength of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors on work motivation. Basic assumption of the theory is extrinsic rewards can diminish the magnitude of intrinsic motivation.

Goal-Setting Theory is developped by Locke and Latham, based on their research. Their research is built upon Ryan’s (1970) premise that ‘conscious goals predict action’. A goal is defined as ‘object or aim of an action’ (Locke and Latham, 2002, p.705). They proposed that motivation is related with the intention of the individual to work towards the goal.

Adams (1963) developed Equity theory based on perceived inequity that individuals experience. According to him, any exchange between two people includes comparison and possible feeling of inequity at least for one party.

Expectancy theory was firstly conceptualized by Vroom (1964) and then added new terms by Lawler and Porter (1983). The model of theory is based on two variables; expectancy and outcome. Individuals are motivated by the value of the outcome which is called as valence. Valence implies how important the outcome for the person and is it worth reaching it or not? The more a person is likely to reach the outcome, the more effort he/she exerts. The correct answer is Choice B.