Scholars who were mostly interested in the efficient processing of internal systems did not have motivation to think about external factors surrounding organizations because the main problem at the dawn of 20^th century was to find a way to organize business in the workplace. They imagined a machine like closed structure operating with maximum efficiency. Employees working in the first modern organizations were viewed as replaceable parts of this perfect model. They ignored the human side of organizations, and they preferred to focus on defining an economic man. Choice (e) is the correct answer.