Although culture has become one of the most popular concepts of management and organization curriculum by the 1980’s, studies that can be linked to organizational culture has much deeper historical roots. For example, you may recall Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 - 1915) from your business management course as the father of scientific management. Taylor published e Principles of Scientific Management in 1911 through which he heralded the introduction of scientific principles into work. But a closer look at Taylor’s scientific management principles will reveal cultural aspects of a system through which he standardizes work and eventually the process leads to the minimization of employees’ resistance. Instead of workers’ values, the introduction of scientific management nurtured values of managers. Another well-known study which shapes the way how organizations function is the famous Hawthorne Studies, led by Harvard Business School professor Elton Mayo at Western Electric Hawthorne Works Plant between 1924 – 1933. Based on Hawthorne Studies’ outcome Mayo’s protégé Fritz Rothlisberger and his colleague William John Dickson reports that social factors rather than physical factors are found to be much more important for increasing the level efficiency. The correct answer is Choice E.