The foundations of politics had largely been seen as ethical, especially under the code of Islamic Law (shari‘ah), since the Ancient Greek legacy were being transferred to the Islamic intellectual background. However, the uprise of theology in the 11th century, and major attacks on the philosophical legacy of Al-Fa^ra^bi^ and Avicenna as “Philosophers” and accusations of heresy by the Ash‘arite theologians-especially by Abu Hamid Muhammad Al-Ghaza^li^, had the strongest reaction from Ibn Rushd (Averroe¨s) of Cordoba, Andalus in the 12th century.