War and the use of force had historically constituted the legal means for enforcing international law and settling disputes between States. However, with the coming into force of the United Nations Charter, the use of force has been made illegal, with the exceptions to defeat armed aggression, to maintain or restore international peace, and to resort to the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense under Chapter VII of the Charter. The process to outlaw war was initiated by the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928, without, however, putting anything certain or definite in its place for the enforcement of international rights and obligations generally, or of international law as such.