The Italian, German, and Soviet experiences provided an ideological backup to the etatist wing of CHP, which increasingly advocated more state intervention for rapid industrialization. ‘Rather than the state being the handmaiden of a growing private sector, it was now to seize the “commanding heights” of the economy and bend the private sector to its will’ (Richards and Waterbury, 1996, p. 178). The first Five-Year Economic Plan declared its objective as to invest in areas where private sector could not. One may think that these areas are those which require huge projects like building transportation network such as highways and airports or investing in energy sector like building hydroelectric dams or energy plants. Instead, the aim of the Plan was to produce basic consumption goods at home. Within a few decades, the Turkish state created major industrial enterprises, which produced, almost every kind of commodities such as tobacco, sugar, shoe, textiles, power generations, iron, chemicals, and cement. This indeed narrowed down the sphere of the private sector (Richards and Waterbury, 1996, p. 179). More state banks were founded to plan, finance and invest in different industries. The main side-effect of state-managed industrialization was a growing number of civil servants and public sector workers numbering - excluding military officers - 184,000 in 1945.