In the beginning, Turks practiced shamanism in Inner Asia. Their practice had cultic elements and emphasized Tengri (God), Umay (Fertility Goddess), Yer (Earth), and Su (Water). They believed in heaven and hell. During the first millennium CE, some small groups of Turks converted to Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism, or Zoroastrianism. Some Uighurs also converted to Manichaeism. However, as their westward movement accelerated in the tenth century CE, Turks became Muslims in large numbers and today Islam is the predominant religion in the Turkic world.The correct answer is D. 

The Hijrah took place in 622.

Persian has had the heaviest influence on Turkish, since Central Asia for the longest time was a dual-language realm. Turks as nomads in vast north Central Asia may have spoken only Turkish, but once they settled in cities, speaking Persian as well became almost a necessity.

With 1.31 billion users Facebook has the greatest number of users.

At the time of the Umayyad Caliphate that was established in 661 CE and lasted for about one hundred years, the capital moved from Mecca to Damascus.

Over-communication Crisis - The development of the Internet has made “distance dead” (Cairncross, 1997). Communication is instant, no respecter of distance as it spreads with the speed of the electromagnetic wave, used by computer networks and smartphones.

According to the American historian Crane Brinton, a major social revolution may have some discernible periods. These include, for example, The Old Regime, a Moderate Phase, a Radical Phase, and a reactionary time called Thermidor.

He depicts the First Wave (Agrarian) as the society after the Agrarian Revolution, which gradually replaced nomadic tribes.

The Second Wave (Industrial) brought with it the Industrial Revolution, and it lasted from late 17th century through the mid-20th century. The Second Wave society was based on industrial-scale production, distribution, consumption, education, media, recreation, entertainment, and weaponry. These features were combined with standardization, centralization, concentration, and synchronization, and they were in a style of organization called bureaucracy

Hz. Mohammed saw the need for social rules to promise women the right of inheritance, and rights within marriage including the ability to start a divorce action. He believed that women were citizens and should have the right to have businesses and to own property. These were the issues that Hz. Mohammed wanted to work on in his community. So he began to travel to a nearby cave at Hira to meditate on these challenges. The cave was close enough to Mecca that he could see the Ka’aba from the cave while he was praying. On more than one occasion the Angel Gabriel (Cebrail) visited Hz. Mohammed at the cave. The Prophet’s experience in the cave at Hira began a miraculous journey. Because at Hira, the words of Allah were delivered to the Prophet by Gabriel (Jibrail / Cebrail). These is called the divine Revelations (Wahy-Vahiy). The visits to Hira, which often lasted several days, changed Hz. Mohammed from a hard working, trusted leader who was often looked to by his community to help settle disputes, into a teacher of spirituality who was the direct messenger of Allah. His reputation, and now his inspiration, enabled him to step into the role he was born to play, political and moral leader of a civilization that would spread across the entire planet. A is the correct answer.

A Virtuality Doctrine is what keeps Virtuality as a religion. 

After his arrival in Medina, Hz. Mohammed invited the elders of various religious groups and tribes and suggested establishment of a city-state. All Muslims, Christians, Arabs, and Jews then ratified the Constitution of Medina. The pact transformed Medina into a small but the first ever Muslim State in the world’s history.

In this period, Portugal, but not Spain, started colonizing India and fighting the Ottomans for the control of the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Indian Ocean. Spain, on the other hand, was establishing an empire by colonizing the Americas.

Hz. Mohammed was born in 571. B is the correct choice.

During the Abbasids Dynasty between 750 CE and 1517 CE Baghdad became the center of arts and sciences for the entire world. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

Following the footsteps of the Xiongnu Empire and the successes of the Huns in Europe, Kok Turks established a strong state after crushing the Tieles and destroying the Avar Empire in 552 CE. After them, Uighurs established a large empire centered in Xinjiang and Mongolia and extending into Siberia, China, and Transoxiana. The Uighur Empire lasted almost a century and ended after long wars with the Tibetans and the Kyrgyz. Another Turkic empire was the Khazar Khanate, which ruled North Caucasia, the Ukraine, and southern Russia in the Volga region around the Caspian Sea.

Turkic languages are divided into three main groups: Turkish, Turkmen, and Azeri in the southwest; Tatar, Kazakh, Kirghiz, Karakalpak in the northwest; and Uighur and Uzbek in the east.

Islamic civilization dominated much of the southern and western hemisphere between 10th and 16th centuries. With the rise of industrial age and the beginnings of colonialism, Islamic civilization suffered a serious setback. Muslims were influenced by Western culture and civilization. Choice D is the correct answer.

Facebook has the highest number of users, as 1.31 billion.

The most important global infrastructure is the Internet of People since it coordinates all other global infrastructures. The Internet of Things is a new big business, one which will create new billionaires. It presents the world with the possibility that everything may be connected electronically.

Slavophilia was an intellectual movement originating in the 19 century; it sought the development of values and institutions in Russian society derived from its early history.