The earliest surviving Turkic texts have been found near the Orkhon River in present-day Mongolia. These Orkhon inscriptions were carved on stone pillars and written in honor of two Kok Turk princes Kul Tegin and Bilge Khagan. They describe the origins of Turks, the great days of the Kok Turk Empire, the suffering after defeat by the Chinese and the struggle for independence under the two brothers. Erected around 726 by the chief adviser to their father Ilterish Khagan, Tonyukuk, these inscriptions have eternal advice for Turks, warning them not to abandon the ways of their ancestors and beware of the deceitful words and alluring presents of enemies.

Turkish state structure has been complex, to say the least. Turks, starting with the Kok Turk Empire, administered their state by dividing it into two parts: East and West. East would be ruled by the more senior khagan. To prevent succession wars, which resulted in the weakening and destruction of so many Central Asian states of nomadic origin, Turks came up with a system whereby brothers would serve in age order. When the youngest of the brothers died, it would be the turn of the sons of the oldest brother. However, this system was never successful in totally preventing struggles for accession to the throne, given the abundance of princes who were just too impatient. At the end of the day, any member of the ruling clan had the right to claim the heavenly mandate (kut) to govern. Turks viewed the state as belonging to the ruling clan or tribe. Other than the main east / west division, there were territorial grants to nobles called ikta as payment for serving the state. Later, in the Ottoman Empire a similar timar system was introduced, which was also influenced by the Byzantine system. The correct answer is D. 

Although Vladimir’s son, Yaroslav the Wise (978-1054), waged frequent military campaigns, he also perceived dynastic marriages as a preferred way to maintain good relationships with other European countries. Three of his daughters became queens of Western European states (France, Norway, and Hungary). Of his sons, three married German princesses and the other one a Byzantine princess, while he himself was the son-in-law of the King of Sweden, and brother-in-law to the King of Poland. The UK historian Ronald Hingley dryly notes that for equally intricate Russian dynastic involvements with western Europe, one has to wait for the nineteenth century Romanov emperors. Upon Yaroslav’s death in 1054, however, his sons divided the state into warring factions, and the city of Kiev lost its preeminence.

Pastoral nomadism was the mainstay of the economy of Turks throughout most of their history. Thus, horses and sheep were the most valuable possessions. Goats were not valued quite so much.

Hz. Mohammed instruct his followers to take refuge in Ethiopia in the year 614. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

The first attempt to gain a status of an independent state arrived in 1917 when the Declaration of Independence on 23 June 1917 led to the appearance from 1917 to 1921 of the predecessor of modern Ukraine - the Ukrainian People’s Republic (Ukrainian National Republic). Subsequently, a civil war and a foreign invasion by the foreign powers followed. In 1921 most of what is now Ukraine was annexed by the Soviet Union.

The greatest of the medical books was by Ibn Sina. Therefore, the correct answer is E.

Turks as nomads in vast north Central Asia may have spoken only Turkish, but once they settled in cities, speaking Persian as well became almost a necessity. That said, Turks had a name for other Turks who had become too Persianized. They called them “Tajik.”.

Food Crisis - Such a crisis stems from four main causes:
• The production of biofuels takes over land for growing corn and sugar cane.
• The increasing consumption of meat in the developed countries, as well as in China and India, requires an increased output of feed (seven or eight kilos of high-quality feed is needed per each kilo of meat) such as corn and soybeans.
• Deregulating foreign food trade (towards the end of the 20th century) meant the destabilization of production, reserves, and the consumption of food in most countries.
• The monopolization of food production is practiced by American companies, with four corporations dominating most farming business and bringing local farmers to bankruptcies; small farms produce healthy and tasty produce whereas those giants offer unhealthy and tasteless food.

Avar Turks, who had been running from other Turks overrun Kutrigurs and the Utrigurs, who were two remaining Hun clans in the Balkans. Avar Turks later started the first Turkish Empire with the Turkish name in it: The Kok Turk Empire.

At first, Hz. Mohammed preached the Revelations to his family and friends. His wife Khadija (Hatice) was the first woman to embrace Islam.

Hz. Mohammed (s.a.v.) was born in 571. Therefore, the correct answer is E.

Free flow of ideas, capital, products and services are directly related with the Globalization.

All the given items together cause the second great crisis of civilization.

Business rules as Dogma are what keeps business as faith. It is demanded by Chief Executive Officers og Big Business Clerics. For example, in the 2010s there are certain rules and the above-given statement is one of these rules.

Starting with the Xiongnu, Turks organized their armies in decimal units of 10, 100, and 1000. Each of these units was commanded by officers titled, respectively, “onbasi”, “yuzbasi”, and “binbasi”. A unit of 10,000 was called “tumen”. Chinese sources also mention that the Uighur Empire’s army had women warriors on horseback who were very skillful at archery. The Ottoman army corps included the Janissaries, the Cavalry, the Mehteran and the Akinci. Possessing one of the most powerful armies of its time, the Ottomans were ahead of most other countries in utilizing muskets and cannons while in military campaigns. Blaming the Janissaries for military losses and lack of commitment, Mahmud II abolished and replaced them with the Nizam-i Cedid in 1826

Among other seminal events and processes that eventually led to the fall of the Soviet Union certainly was the Chernobyl nuclear meltdown.

The East Slavs appeared in European history between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. Their initial habitats could have been in the area between the Vistula and Dnieper rivers.