Atatürk instituted reforms to modernize Turkey. He had abolished the office of sultan in 1922 and did away with the caliphate, the post of Sheikh-ul-Islam and Islamic religious courts in 1924.

According to the American historian Crane Brinton, a major social revolution may have some discernible periods. These include, for example, The Old Regime, a Moderate Phase, a Radical Phase, and a reactionary time called Thermidor.  Radical Phase: 1917-1921 which coincided with the whole duration of the Civil War in Russia, began with the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks, and it involved an armed power struggle between the Bolsheviks and several rival groups.

Fyodor Dostoyevsky

The end of the First World War has nothing to do with the global and virtual civilizations.

At the end of the 20^th century, the Internet was pushing the development of the Globalization Wave. This Wave led to the advance of Global economy, then to the free flow of information and capital, and, in many cases, to the cross-border movement of experienced workers and executives.  

“One of the rules of the Business Rules as Dogma” is: “The removal of safety nets for displaced workers is justified because it minimizes business costs enabling companies to be more competitive.” This is not one of the rules of faith of emerging Virtual civilization.   

It is an open civilization. Islamic Civilization has happily incorporated good parts of other civilizations, as long as they are not against the spirit of Islam (Iqbal, 2003: 10). Islam is the most pluralist religion; it coexists with other religions, allowing full religious autonomy.

Hz. Mohammed was born in 571. His clan, or family, was Hashim, which was one of the less influential families in the powerful Quraysh tribe. . Sadly only a few months before Hz. Mohammed was born, his father died. Then, Hz. Mohammed’s mother died when he was only six. At that time in Mecca an Arabian child in his situation would normally have been sent to live with the nomadic Bedouin, but his grandfather claimed responsibility for the young boy. Again, tragedy struck only two years later when Hz. Mohammed’s grandfather died. Finally, his uncle, Abu Talib, adopted Hz. Mohammed.

According to the American historian Crane Brinton, a major social revolution may have some discernible periods. These include, for example, The Old Regime, a Moderate Phase, a Radical Phase, and a reactionary time called Thermidor.

The Mongols conquered the eastern lands of Islam and ruled from the Sinai Desert to India for a century. In 1258 CE the Mongols destroyed Baghdad. This is the date that many historians say was the end of the Golden Age of Islam. Choice C is the correct answer.

African belief systems; social organizations; religious rituals; rules of leadership recruitment; the enthronement and dethronement of royalties; the limits of authority and community power, all reveal linear similarities at their most formative levels. In other words, those organizational means and rituals of leadership and worship that seem to have governed Nubian communities radiated to the northern, southern, eastern, and western part of their neighbors. The Red Sea hills, the Abyssinian plateau from where the waters of the Blue Nile originate, created the formative elements of Nubian and Egyptian civilizations. These transformations have, over the centuries, become part of the African mode of thinking and living. The text doesn’t mention the cuisine.

Jinan Culture is considered the centre of the Chinese civilization. One of the characteristic features of early Chinese civilization was the intricate wheel-made pottery pieces produced in Jinan.

Business Faith emphasizes markets know best. Business Knowledge is taught at business colleges. Business Liturgy involves endless business meetings and conferences and is covered by the media, all of which feature information convenient for the Business Doctrine.

When the word “virtual” was first introduced in information technology, it applied to memory simulated by computer; that is, memory not actually built into a processor’s main memory but, rather, located in online magnetic disks. More recently, the term has been applied to entities such as things, organizations, processes, and people that exist but are simulated using information technology. For example, virtual conversations are conversations that take place over computer networks, and virtual communities are some social groups that assemble around the use of e-mail, web pages, and other networked, digital resources.

The purpose of these Crusades was to recapture the region, especially Jerusalem, for Christianity. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

The era of Czar-reformer Alexander II is the Golden Age of the Russian literature.

After the leader Chengli Kut-u Shan-yu, the hierarchy went down as the “tu-chi”, two kings of east and west; and then the “ku-li”, kings of left and right. The Great Wall was completed in 215 BCE when Touman, but not Modun, was still the leader.

 June 1917