The paradox of this second great crisis of civilization is that it is invisible at first sight.

The Industrial Period had two iterations - the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire existed under the rule of the Romanovs from 1721 to 1917. The successor state of the Russian Empire was the Soviet Union which existed from 1922 to 1991.

The Seljuks originated from the Oghuz Turks, who in the 9th century lived at the edge of the Muslim world on the Kazakh Steppe. When Seljuk, the leader of the his clan, had a falling out with the leader of the Oghuz tribe, he left the Oghuz tribal lands and set up on the west bank of the Syr Darya river. Around 985 CE, Seljuk converted to Islam.

The first four leaders who followed Hz. Mohammed are known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs. They were Abu Bakr, Omar, Uthman and Ali.

The Arabian Peninsula was populated with polytheistic Semitic people at that time, therefore the correct answer is B.

All the given items are included in Global Society.  

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in 1949.

The first published novel was entitled Akabi Hikayesi, written by Vartan Pasha. He wrote it in Turkish with Armenian script and it was published in 1851.

Over-communication Crisis - The development of the Internet has made “distance dead” (Cairncross, 1997). Communication is instant, no respecter of distance as it spreads with the speed of the electromagnetic wave, used by computer networks and smartphones. This e-communication has benefitted business; production formerly found in developed countries has moved to Asia, with mother companies having subsidiaries and branches overseas. The Internet has resulted in economic globalization, but this is lowering the standard of living in developed countries and increasing it in the developing world. Global corporations are reaping huge profits by expanding markets into Asia and Eastern Europe, but they are impacting their home countries negatively, as demonstrated by the 99% vs. 1% “Occupy” movement in the United States.