The period between the demise of Feodor, the last Czar of the Rurik dynasty, in 1598 and the accession to the throne of Michael Romanov in 1613 even receives a special name – the Time of Troubles.

The Czardom of Russia existed between the accession to the throne of Czar Ivan IV (later known as the Ivan the Terrible) in 1547 and the establishment of the Russian Empire by Peter I in 1721.

Stalin initiated the Great Purge, somewhat analogous to the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. As a result, hundreds of thousands were sentenced to hard labor in “correctional” labor camps (gulags) or to death. 

Moderate Phase: 1905-1917: The 1905 “Bloody Sunday” massacre of a peaceful demonstration in Saint-Petersburg triggered nationwide strikes, which paralyzed the economy. 

Radical Phase: 1917-1921

Islamic Civilization is based on the monotheistic Islamic faith that believes in the oneness of the Almighty Allah, the Creator of this universe. However, in choice E says it’s polytheistic.

Azeri Turkish, Turkish in Turkey, and Turkmenistan language belong to Oghuz Turkic family; Uzbekistan and Uighur in Xinjiang are in the Karluk Turkic family; and Kazakh and Kyrgyz fall into the Kipchak Turkic family.  

While Europe was struggling with the Dark Ages, and a feudal system that failed to develop wealth for any but the most privileged families regardless of merit, the Abbasid Khalifate expanded the iqta system of reward for military leaders in a way that dramatically increased agricultural production, while encouraging innovation, rewarding effort, and requiring respectful treatment of those who would spend their lives working the land. The iqta system encouraged these soldier/ landowners to maximize the productivity of their land. The Empire owned the land but it was granted to soldiers who had been successful. It could be taken back if these soldiers did a bad job of working the land, or even if they were unfair or cruel to their workers. Very importantly, these grants of land were not hereditary, although they could be bought and sold. All of this meant that the existing land of the Islamic world would be used more efficiently, yielding larger harvests, all while ensuring that citizens working the land were treated with respect. This was a feat of social engineering that has never been equaled, even today. Choice A is the correct answer.

All the given items are included in the challenges the world encounters today.

The Five Pillars as mentioned in the Hadith are; a) Shahadah: (Declaration of faith) b) Salah: (Five compulsory daily prayers) c) Zakah: (Welfare-contribution) d) Hajj: (Pilgrimage to Mecca) e) Sawm: (Fasting during Ramadan)

All the given items are components of the main trends of the global and virtual civilizations.

All the given items are correct about the Turks.

The political and cultural upper-classes resided in palatial quarters, most of the Soviet urban population huddled in low-cost, concrete paneled or brick buildings three- to five-stories high, known as khrushchyovkas. Kolkhozy and sovkhozy are factory communes and choice D and E are irrelevant.

The first Turko-Islamic texts were written during the Qarakhanid Empire. Kutadgu Bilig, written by Yusuf Has Hajib in 1069 in Turkic, is full of advice for aspiring rulers. The answer is B. the Book of Dede Korkut retells old heroic Oghuz stories. Divan-i Lughat al-Turk was written by Mahmud Al-Kashghari. Ali Shir Nava’i’ wrote Muhakemat al-Lughateyn and concluded that Turkic was the superior language. Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi wrote Muhayyelat in 1796, but it was not published until 1867.

Paul Baran (at RAND, an American Think Tank) invented the packet-switching network, the Arpanet, to sustain nation-wide communications that could follow an atomic attack by the Cubans and the Soviets in 1961.

The term “virtual culture” means the electronization of the emerging information
culture in computer network storage sites (in what is today called “the cloud” - rented cyberspace) which has been rapidly developing in the 21st century.

2005 - YouTube, a video-sharing website, went live.

Turkish women get the right to vote in 1934.The correct answer is D. 

Saltuq Bughra Khan was also the first Turkic leader to convert to Islam and a majority of the population in his realm followed his decision. This led to the first Muslim Turkic empire.

Now that the Hijrah was completed it was decided that September 23rd, 622 would be the beginning date for the Muslim calendar.

Ottomans and Safavids fought intermittently for 150 years until the Peace Treaty of Qasr-i Shirin, which gave Yerevan to Iran in exchange for all present-day Iraq going to the Ottomans, pretty much in the spirit of the Peace Treaty of Amasya in 1555. Thus, the current borders of Turkey and Iraq with Iran were drawn in this treaty of 1639.