The principalities of Rus had to submit to the Mongol Empire and to become part of what was called the Golden Horde. The remaining vestiges of Kievan Rus in the west were absorbed by Poland and Lithuania. The only region that retained autonomy was the Republic of Novgorod. The indigenous aristocracy continued to exist while intensely intermarrying, this time with the elites of the nomads.

Each and every word of the Qur’an was recorded as soon as it was revealed by Allah to the Prophet through Angel Gabriel . The Prophet’s secretary Zaid bin Thabit and others used to record them exactly as the Prophet told them. He continued reading it back to the Prophet until 632 (CE). Shortly after the death of the Prophet in 632 (CE) Omar (May Allah be pleased with him) suggested to caliph Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Qur’an should be compiled in one volume. Up to then, the Qur’an was written down in pieces in order as they were revealed.

1985-WELL (Whole Earth Lectronic Link) started by Stewart Brand and Larry Brilliant was the first online community

Ottomans had an increasingly harder time keeping up with the industrial and military progress in Europe. This was undoubtedly proven in losses against the Russians, which culminated in the Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca in present-day Bulgaria in 1774. In addition to losing the Crimean Tatar Khanate, the Ottomans had to give Russians the authority to interfere in their internal affairs with the Christian Orthodox subjects of the empire.

With this vision in mind, the new Russian caesar (Czar) Ivan III (The Great)  charged the finest Italian architects with raising monuments to God’s glory (cathedrals) and the rising Moscow’s power (Kremlin).

All the given items are correct about the Western-Jewish civilization.

The diet of medieval Europe was poor. It was mostly meat and bread, leeks, garlic, onions, cabbage and a few root vegetables. The Crusaders were impressed by the variety: rice cooked in many ways, lamb or chicken; lentils and other vegetables cooked in olive oil, and delicious sweetmeats and fruit. Rice was an important addition to the European diet. The Islamic Civilization also taught the growing techniques for cherries, peaches, apricots, and gooseberries. Choice D is the correct answer.

The most important global infrastructure is the Internet of People since it coordinates all other global infrastructures

The Prophet’s experience in the cave at Hira began a miraculous journey. Because at Hira, the words of Allah were delivered to the Prophet by Gabriel (Jibrail/ Cebrail). These is called the divine Revelations (Wahy-Vahiy).

There were several reasons for Russia’s expansion. First of all, the landlocked nation needed access to the sea. Secondly, the ruling class of Russia was a land-rich aristocracy, which profits from territorial expansion. Sometimes, the expansion may have had ideological underpinnings, for example, the idea of Third Rome, Pan-Slavism, or later, Communism. And finally, the empire may have continued to expand almost accidentally - by the need to bridge already conquered territories, by the sheer whim of the monarch or even of the colonizing generals.

Alvin Toffler, the American philosopher of historical and societal development, describes three types of societies, based on the concept of Civilizational Waves.

Napoleon wanted to end serfdom in Russia and introduce modern constitutional form of government .

The First Pledge of Aqaba, was the promise of those who came to see the Prophet Mohammed to embrace Islam. The Constitution of Medina, written in 622, listed the shared responsibilities of the tribes of Medina to maintain peace. The Declaration of Immunity, delivered in the same year as the victory in Mecca. Truce of Hudaybiyyah was a treaty proclaimed that there would be no fighting between Mecca and Medina for 10 years.   Prophet Mohammed set off from Medina with tens of thousands of Muslims to perform the pilgrimage. This trip was his last and is referred to as the “Pilgrimage of Farewell.”

215 BCE The construction of the Great Wall of China intensifies

552 Kok Turk Empire is formed

992 Foundation of the first Muslim Turkic Empire: The Qarakhanids

1354 Ottomans cross into Europe

1517 Ottomans defeat Mamluks and gain control of Egypt and Islamic holy cities

The correct answer is A. 

A Virtuality Doctrine is what keeps Virtuality as a religion.  It is practiced currently by billion or more devotees and offers the world some gurus, among them billionaires who are owners of social networks. It is based on five rules.

Novgorod Republic

Kievan Rus: This was a powerful and prosperous East Slavic state which thrived under the reign of the Ruriks from the 9th to the 13th century. forces of the nomadic Mongol Empire overran Kievan Rus in the 13th century, devastating many cities, including Kiev itself.

The paradox of this second great crisis of civilization is that it is invisible at first sight. There is no global war, no major epidemics or a grand planetary climate catastrophe. Yet there is the fantastic development of the Internet, which had led to a fast and vast information flow between masses of people representing all possible tribes, nations, and societies.

Hebrews developed an awareness of the self, or I. The individual became aware of his or her moral independence and personal value. Hence, the Hebrews created the idea of moral freedom, that everyone is responsible for his or her own actions, and the centrality of justice and ethical behavior. Inherited by Christianity, this idea of moral autonomy is central to the Western civilization.

Greece, Southern Cyprus, Bulgaria, and Romania are part of the European Union. Orthodox Serbia, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine would like to belong to the EU and the accession of Montenegro to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, completed in 2017, shows the West’s desire to keep these nations to out of the geopolitical sphere of Russia. Georgia isn’t part of the European Union.