France

The ancien régime last from late Middle Ages to the French Revolution of 1789.

France is a unitary parliamentary democratic republic.

 French society has experienced authoritarian regimes such as absolute monarchy, revolutionary dictatorships, and empires and  democratic regimes such as parliamentary and semi-presidential ones.

The post-revolutionary French Republican model was based on the concept of the nationstate, emphasizing the ideals of universalism, de-tribalism, loyalty to the nation-state, and revolution. 

The post-revolutionary French Republican model basically accepts that all individuals are of a single race and rejects ethnic identity. The French Republic is a single and indivisible whole and recognizes that all citizens are “equal before the law without distinction of origin, race, or religion”

The semi-presidential system is a hybrid political system which foresees a stable administration with the assumption that the same party will win the presidency and majority in the legislature.

France has a predominantly Paris-based, ideological, secular, winner-take-all political
culture. The key words to define French politics are ideological, secular, winner-take-all. We have to include the Paris-based nature of it as well.

 The book says "Despite the maxim of “freedom, equality, and fraternity” in the basis of the French Constitution ..." . In this situation, we can say that the  basic concepts of the Constitution are freedom, equality and fraternity.

The answer to this question is given with the following sentence in the book "the “fraternity” quality of this motto is forgotten more than the others, and equality is prioritized over freedom."Therefore, the answer is the concept "fraternity" has lost its importance in modern France, and two concepts have continued to these days. When we compare these two concepts, it is said that equality is seen as even more important than freedom. 

The answer is I.

As stated in the book, "The rate of women’s participation in primary, secondary, and tertiary education is high."

With the following information, we can see that there is a gender difference in terms of wage, politics, job positions.

"On the other hand, the number of women in political life and among senior executives is low, and the gender gap is quite large.

In various fields, the status and situation of women are still far behind, undeveloped, or worse than those of men.

Wage inequalities such as the unequal distribution between the two sexes in the labor market, the 9% wage gap for the same position, and equal skills create lasting effects.

I, III, IV are the estates of ancen régime. The book describes the situation like this:

Ancen régime (monarchical social and political order from the late Middle Ages to the French Revolution of 1789), had three societal estates in France: the first estate (the clergy); the second estate (the nobility); and the third estate (peasants and workers).

The deep social, economic, and political power gaps between these groups created major social divisions among the three estates of ancen régime.

Enlightened despotism is also described as benevolent despotism. It is the form of government in which monarchs such as II. Frederick (The Great), Peter I (The Great), II. Catherine (The Great), Maria Theresa, II. Joseph and Leopold II, pursued Enlightenment-inspired legal, social, and
educational reforms in the18th century. In this system,  the reforms were limited to measures related to the administrative system, religious tolerance, and economic development. 

The 1958 Constitution was the longestlived  in France, and it was amended twenty-four times. Only two of these amendments were put to a referendum.

The words that describe the role of the President are I and II, Conciliator and Arbitrator. Because the chapter states that the President do not have independent power except the emergency states "he President plays the role of “conciliator” or “arbitrator,” with no independent powers of a national character except in a state of emergency. 

The prime minister’s role is to “direct the work of the government,” ensuring strong leadership in parliament, and assisting in the resolution of partisan rivalries.

The main features of semi-presidentialism are;

1. The president is elected by universal suffrage.

2. The President has very important powers.

3. There is a prime minister who stays in office as long as the parliament, which has executive and
governmental powers, gives him a vote of confidence.

The two main functions of Parliament are;

1. the legislation,

2. the supervision

of the government.

The legislative process can be initiated by the government or by parliamentarians. The commission
reports are discussed in the General Assembly after the draft and individual bills are deliberated on in the relevant permanent commissions.

A motion de censure is a legislative instrument that requires new elections to be held if the
government’s proposal for a vote of confidence is not accepted, signed by at least one-tenth
of the deputies, and supported by 289 out of 577 members.

1. The Two-Round System is a plurality or majority system.

2. A second election is held if no candidate or party achieves absolute majority (50 percent plus one) in the first election round.

3. This system may take a majority-plurality form and the one who wins the highest number of votes in the second round is elected, regardless of the absolute majority.

There are three factors that affect negative attitudes toward the EU.

1.  The global financial crisis as an economic element, the economic effects of the recession afterward,

2. The increasing immigration phenomenon as a cultural element,

3. The potential effects of Brexit as a political element.