What is Governance?
Governance is defined as “the way in which an organization is managed at the highest level and the systems for doing this”. Governance refers to the rules and governing of states, markets, networks, or non-state actors; and consists of all social, political, and economic rules within the scope of a relevant governance model/form.
What is Global Governance?
The concept refers to the values and integration processes that international, transnational, regional, and intergovernmental organizations meet on common grounds.
What are the 6 main organs of the UN?
The 6 main organs of the UN are:
What did the UN aim by establishing the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1945?
The UN aimed to prevent hunger, increase agricultural productivity and increase nutrition and living standards.
What is environmental degradation?
Environmental degradation is defined as negative changes and transformations in the physical, biological, socio-economic, political, and cultural surroundings in which living creatures and non-living features exist and interact. It is also described as destroying ecosystems by damaging resources such as air, soil, and water (UNESCWA, 2022).
When and why was the UN Women established?
Recently, the UN Women was established in 2010 to encourage gender equality and support women.
What happened during “the Great Smog” in London in December 1959?
A dense layer of smog formed due to the heavy use of coal both in industry and at home. This case is also known as ‘’the Great Smog’’ in history. In a few days, about 4000 people died due to air pollution (current estimates indicate that around 12,000 people died from the effects of the incident), and many people also contracted respiratory diseases (Martinez, 2022).
Why is the “International Union for the Protection of Nature” conference held in the USA in 1949 important?
Due to existential and ecologic concerns, the UN took the first step toward preventing environmental disasters and combating climate change with the “International Union for the Protection of Nature” conference held in the USA in 1949 and assumed the role of the global leader in these issues in the following years. At this conference, a general agreement was reached on the need to protect nature against rapid population growth and acceleration of urbanization (UNESCO, 1950).
What is th focus of the WMO (World Meteorological Organization) along with climate, weather, and water?
Within this framework, WMO has determined its particular focus, especially climate, weather, and water, as follows (WMO, 2022b):
Why is the 1972 Stockholm Conference held in Sweden by the UN important?
The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972, was the first large-scale intergovernmental conference on environment and development. Representatives from 113 nations, many NGOs, institutions, organizations, and experts attended this conference from around the world (Kumar, 2020).
What are the three main categories of the Action Plan that resulted from the 1972 Stockholm Conference?
The Action Plan cosists of the following three main catgories:
What are the three planetary crises that UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) focuses on?
UNEP, which defines itself as a global environmental authority, continues its activities on the problems it describes as three planetary crises (UNEP, 2022b):
• Climate change
• Nature and biodiversity loss
• Pollution and waste.
What are the seven interconnected sub-programs the UNEP uses to tackle the three planetary crises it focuses on?
The seven interconnected sub-programs to tackle the three planetary crises are (UNEP, 2022b):
Why is the “our Common Future” report issued by UNEP?
“Our Common Future” is a revolutionary report on environmental problems and global warming that only began to be noticed in the 80s. The report, released in 900 days, aimed to promote sustainable development, develop environmental strategies and develop international cooperation on these issues instead of predicting future environmental and climate-related disasters. Also, the report mentioned the damage to the ozone layer, which holds ultraviolet radiation from the sun, the drought in agricultural fields and the increase in pesticide use, increasing pollution due to industrialization, and global warming.
What do the 3 working groups of IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climae Change) focus on?
Working Group I focuses on climate change within the framework of physical science, Working Group II focuses on the adaptation of climate change impacts, and Working Group III focuses on climate change mitigation.
What was the general aim of the The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio in 1992?
The general aim of the conference, also known as the “Earth Summit”, was to expand the environment and sustainable development agenda and to enforce new plans and programs.
In what year was the IPCC report published where UN Secretary-General António Guterres made the “Code Red for Humanity” statement?
In the report published in 2022, UN Secretary-General António Guterres made the “Code Red for Humanity” statement in the face of the rapid progress of climate change effect.
What does the “Common but differentiated responsibilities” approach argue?
The approach refers to states having common but different responsibilities globally when considering the contributions and damages to the environment. Therefore, the one who pollutes the most is expected to give the most support.
Where and when was the first COP (Conference of the Parties) held?
The first COP conference was held in Geneva Switzerland in 1995.
What is the aim of the annual Conference of Parties (COP)?
COP conferences are held annually to reduce the emissions of major emission producers, make the necessary technological and financial transfers for developing countries, support the adaption and mitigation strategies to combat climate change, and form the required financial programs.