International and Global Perspective

"Transboundary crisis" is defined as threats that can easily cross geographical or political borders. 

This is because existing political and administrative systems are inadequate in the face of new and unexpected threats, and a range of operations and actors are unable to meet the need for cross-border cooperation. 

1. Information

2. Coordination

3. Leadership and decision-making 

An ideal response network for responding to crises should have “analytical capacity”, “coordinated behavior” and “special authority arrangements”. 

Cross-border cooperation is seen as an important prerequisite for disaster resilience. 

An example of cross-border cooperation is the commission between France, Germany, and Switzerland based on the Rhine Valley. The Rhine serves as a natural border between France and Germany. The Upper Rhine Conference (URC) and the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) have played important roles in the management of the region (CIPR). 

Within the European Union, there are currently 64 cross-border cooperation programs.

With the Solidarity Clause in the Lisbon Treaty in 2007, the European Union put in place a legal framework for states to help each other in the event of a major disaster or crisis. 

The European Union’s Civil Protection Mechanism (CPM) was adopted in 2001.

The CPM has also established a voluntary pool of resources called the European Emergency Response Capacity (EERC). 

The name of the subsidiary body of the United Nations General Assembly that promotes gender equality and advocates for the right of women, girls, and young people to determine their own bodies and futures is UNFPA.

International organizations that play an important role in disaster and risk management are: 

- United Nations and affiliated organizations 

- International financial institutions (International Monetary Fund, World Bank, etc.) 

- Regional Organizations (NATO, European Union, etc). 

The first international effort in the field of disaster management was initiated by the International Relief Union (IRU).

The UN is considered as the international organization that has the most equipment in disaster mitigation, disaster preparedness, disaster response, and disaster recovery processes worldwide. 

The organizations operating within the UN in disaster preparedness, mitigation, prevention, and elimination of disasters are as follows: UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance (OCHA), UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), UN Development Fund (UNDP), World Food Programme (WFP) World Health Organization (WHO).

The Office for The Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) leads and coordinates the coordination and response to emergencies following the occurrence of a disaster.

The World Food Programme (WFP) is an international organization whose main objective is to respond to hunger emergencies.

WHO's aim is to improve medical and health care capabilities worldwide and to combat epidemics.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is the most powerful regional organization in this context. 

1. The fact that each institution has its own autonomy.

2. The conflict of mandates is handled as the second heading

3. Cultural differences.

4. Differences in technological level and geographical distance between organizations

1. Language differences 

2. Community perception of risk 

3. Trust and belief in institutions

4. Mourning and death rituals

5. Roles in family relationships