Why did Persian have the heaviest influence on Turkish?
Persian has had the heaviest influence on Turkish, since Central Asia for the longest time was a dual-language realm. Turks as nomads in vast north Central Asia may have spoken only Turkish, but once they settled in cities, speaking Persian as well became almost a necessity.
What were the Turks who had become too Persianized called?
They were called Tajik.
What does "Turkic" refer to?
Turkic is generally used to characterize the five Central Asian countries that were formed following the collapse of the Soviet Union, namely Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, andAzerbaijan. However, it also refers to the language, culture, and traditions of all people of Turkish origin.
According to historians who were the predecessors of the Turks?
The Xiongnu (Hongnu in Old Chinese, Xwn in Soghdian, probably Old Turkic Qun), also known as the Asiatic Huns.
Who was the first notable leader of the Xiongnu?
Touman (Teoman)
Who was the Turkish leader who signed a peace treaty with China in 198 BCE and what was the importance of that peace treaty?
Touman's son Modun signed the Peace treaty with China. With the peace treaty Modun was recognized as having equal status with the Chinese emperor.
What was the importance of the Great Wall?
With the presence of the Great Wall, China wanted to keep the recent territory recently conquered and to advance further north and west. The great Wall also served as the border between the Xiongnu Empire to the north and the Chinese Middle Kingdom to the south
When were Turks introduced to Islam?
Turks were introduced to Islam around the eighth century.
Who was the founder of the Kok Turk state?
Bumin Khagan
What were the reasons for the fall of the Eastern Kok Turk Empire?
Severe snowstorms and frosts which resulted in famine along with the disputes in the Ashina clan conspired by the Tang Dynasty in China
What is the similarity between the fall of both Eastern Kok Turk Empire and the Western Kok Turk Empire?
Internal fighting caused the fall of both.
Who was the founder of the second Eastern Kok Turk Empire and how long did it last?
Ilterish Khagan was the founder of the second Eastern Kok Turk Empire and it lasted 62 years (682-744).
How were the Uighurs different from the Kok Turks?
Unlike the Kok Turks, Uighurs built cities.
Who ended the Uighur Empire?
The Kyrgyz
What area did the Khazar Khanate rule?
The Khazar Khanate ruled North, the Ukraine, and the southern Russia in the Volga region around the Caspian Sea.
What is the evidence that Bulgars were of Turkic descent?
The Khazars defeated the Bulgars in the Ukraine steppes and pushed them into the Balkans around 680. Thus, there is some evidence that Bulgars, who formed the present-day Bulgarians by mixing with the native Slavs, were of Turkic descent.
Who was the first Turkic leader who converted to Islam?
Saltuq Bughra Khan of Qarakhanids
Which empires fought the Battle of Dandanaqan?
Seljuks and Ghaznavid Empire
What were the problems that the Ottoman Empire faced in the 16th and 17th centuries?
Russia grew stronger, threatening the Ottoman vassal state, the Crimean Khanate, and other Ottoman territories in the Balkans.
Portugal started colonizing India and fighting the Ottomans for the control of the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Indian Ocean.
Other European kingdoms of Britain, France and Spain were soon establishing empires by colonizing the Americas.
There were some intermittent military failures that shattered the image of the invincible Turk in the European eyes, including the two failed Sieges of Vienna (1533, 1683), the failed Siege ofMalta (1565) and the lost sea battle at Lepanto (1571).
Coupled with losses against the Safavids and the Jelali revolts in Anatolia (1590-1610), these challenges appeared to mean that the Ottomans were losing the upper hand.
Soon, losses outside Vienna (1683) followed by another loss at Zenta (1695) culminated in the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), which was a major blow to the Ottoman Empire.
What effect did the Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca have on the Ottomans?
In addition to losing the Crimean Tatar Khanate, the Ottomans ahd to give Russians the authority to interfere in their internal affairs with the Christian Orthodox subjects of the empire.
When was the Republic of Turkey established?
on October 29, 1923
When was the office of sultan abolished by Atatürk?
in 1922
When was the new Turkish alphabet adopted?
in 1928
When were the current borders of Turkey finalized?
In 1939 with Hatay region joining Turkey
What are the three main groups that the Turkic languages are divided into?
Turkish, Turkmen, and Azeri in the southwest; Tatar, Kazakh, Kirghiz, Karakalpak in the northwest; and Uighur and Uzbek in the east.
What alphabets have the Turkic states used so far?
the Orkhon script (Starting with the Kok Turks, it was used by many Turks until the tenth century)
Aramaeo-Syriac script (related to the Hebrew and Arabic alphabets) - (Uighurs used it)
the Arabic alphabet (After becoming Muslims, Turks started using it.)
the Latin script (In modern Turkey, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan variations of the Latin script are used.)
the Cyrillic script (Kazakhs and Kyrgyz still use variations of the Cyrillic script that the Russians imposed on them during the Stalinist era.)
What was the first published novel during the Ottoman Period and who was it written by??
The first published novel was entitled Akabi Hikayesi, written by Vartan Pasha.
What was the purpose of the Enderun school in the Ottoman Empire?
In the Enderun school the purpose was to educate foreign boys (devshirme) to serve the Sultan in the administration of the state.
When was the first book published in the Ottoman Empire?
in 1729