Macro decisions occur in an anticipated manner, they are not responses to sudden and unexpected situations, they are made in a relatively long time frame and the decision making process in which these decisions are taken include a large variety of domestic political actors. For example, the reevaluation of the relations with a country and/or a region, the level of defense spending, the policy towards nuclear armament etc. can be labeled as macro foreign policy decisions (Pearson and Rochester, 1992: 201).

Small sized powers cannot resist the foreign policy demands in bipolar systems.

The time period between 1990-2008 reflects the characteristics of a unipolar environment and unipolar system are by nature more lenient to provide international peace, security and stability.

The time period between 1949-1989  (Cold War) is the best example of bipolar environment.

The correct choice is A.

Neo-classical Realism argues that the scope and ambition of a country’s foreign policy is driven first and foremost by its place in the international system and specifically by its relative material power capabilities, but it further argues that the impact of such power capabilities on foreign policy is indirect and complex, because systemic pressure must be translated through intervening variables at the unit level.

the attempt to explain international events by recounting the aims and calculations of nations or governments

Prospect Theory Approach According to this theory, the individual attitude towards gain and loss are not the same and people fear loss more than they expect gain. This makes them take more risks in cases of loss. Prospect theory suggests that avoiding loss is more important than securing gain and that is why individuals cherish what they possess and are wary of losing what they already have (Mintz and DeRouen, 2010, 76).

The correct answer is C.

The power that a country has to secure desired objectives may fall into one of the three categories. These are defined below according to the potency they provide to influence and shape the outcomes. Hence, it could be said that the typology below is defined and ranked in relation to the outcomes. Other typologies are possible that they are based on the nature of the predominant instruments used (hard power, soft power) or their mix (smart power); according to the nature of the inducement mechanism used (coercive power, persuasive power, reward power) etc. The correct answer is A.

Liberal pluralist perspective values the role of societal and intra-state level factors in foreign policy analysis.

Constructivism is one of the contemporary approaches. The first four options are behavouralist.  

Developer national role conception that indicates a special duty or obligation to assist underdeveloped countries; bridge national role conception which imply a communication function, that is, acting as a “translator” and information between peoples of different cultures.

Foreign policy decisions are not typical, there are different types of decisions depending upon the situation the decisions are made. Mintz identifies five types of decisions; one-shot (single) decisions, interactive decisions, sequential decisions, sequential-interactive decisions, and group decisions (Mintz and DeRouen, 2010: 115-21). "Individual decisions" is not among the types of decisions described by Mintz and DeRouen.

The correct answer is E.The term, international relations,  refers to an academic discipline that focuses on the study of the interaction of the actors within the international system. These actors are agencies that, through their actions, can create meaningful outcomes within the international milieu and include states, as well as, and non-state actors. Although considered as a branch of political science concerned with relations between nations and primarily with foreign policies, it is essentially an interdisciplinary field of a serious academic study of which requires knowledge of international history, law, and economics as well as foreign policy and international politics. It is a comparatively new comer amongst academic disciplines. Its first dedicated university professorship was founded in 1920 at University College of Wales at Aberystwyth. While International Relations (IR) in capital letter is used refer to the discipline, the lower case international relations is frequently used to mean the relations between states, but also between states and non-state organizations, especially in the context of political, economic, or cultural relationships.

The decision maker or leader is the most important part of the decision making process, in fact, the leader is the one who makes the last choice and thus the decision. However, the personality of the leader does not influence the decision making process directly.

The Cold War period between 1949 and 1989 is the best example of the bipolar international environment. In such systems, the possibility of middle and small-sized countries to pursue multidimensional and multidirectional foreign policies in defiance of their alliance commitments would be extremely low

Option B, D and E are about  about structural realism and C is about neorealism. The correct option is A.

Role theory in FPA was initiated by K. J. Holsti with his article National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy.

The External Environment, The Internal Environment, The Structure of the Government, Public Opinion, The Bureaucracy, Public opinion and Interest Groups are the factors that influence the decision making process.

Actor based influences are direct reactions coming from other states towards the chosen foreign policy course. They are important in that if a state miscalculates the expected reaction of a third country, this can cause in a failure of the policy.

The analyses on state level have to take into consideration material dynamics such as the size of the country, geopolitical positions, resources, economy and population as well as the nature of the state such as the political system and institution.

Foreign policy analysts want to understand why a given country’s government has decided to take certain actions toward foreign governments or foreign non-state actors, why a government has decided that specific foreign policy interests are important to it, and why it has crafted a particular strategy to promote or defend those interests (Grieco et. al, 2015, 106).

Elements of national power are the factors that constitute the actual and potential power of a state. Some of these factors are subject to human impulses, organization and capabilities; some are largely beyond it. A short list of the elements of national power would include: the size of the state; its geopolitical location; the number, technical and intellectual quality of scientific elites; the size of the military forces, their technological level, equipment, firepower, force projection capabilities, training, culture and morale; the fertility of the territory it controls; the abundance and variety of natural resources – including but not limited to energy resources –; the size of the population, its demographics, its level of human development; its level of economic development, including the size of GDP, the per capita distribution of GDP, the quality, extent and diffusion of the infrastructure (system and networks of transportation, energy, communication etc.); the strength and diversity of industrial development; the quality of the educational system; the organizational success, quality and competency of research and development activities (the number of original patents, the commercialization ratio of research and development efforts etc.); the nature and strength of the political, social and economic system and institutions; the quality of its foreign policy and diplomats; the quality of leadership; the national character and morale of the population. The correct answer is D.