One of the most significant developments of the 20th century was the outlawing of war as a legitimate instrument of foreign policy. It was realised with the establishment of the United Nations after the Second World War; however, there were also initial attempts for this. The first attempt for it came after the First World War with the establishment of the League of Nations.

In conformity with the subfield of Foreign Policy Analysis, there is a huge debate about the role of domestic politics in decision making process in foreign policy. This is because most of the entire foreign policy decisions are made by decision makers in a particular domestic environment implicating “the values, national character, political culture, and historical traditions of a society, its structural attributes (size, level of industrialization, form of government, etc.), and the particular political issues that are important at any given time” (Gerner, 1995, p.21).

The Arab Spring was a series of prodemocracy uprisings that was ignited in December 2010, in Tunis when street vendor Mohammed Bouazizi set himself on fire to protest the
arbitrary seizing of his vegetable stand by the police. Starting from the Spring of 2011, the protests spread to other countries in the Middle East and North Africa including Morocco, Syria, Libya, Egypt and Bahrain. 

The five major powers of the Concert of Europe in the post-Napoleonic era are Great Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France. 

The term “ambassador” appeared in the 12th century in Italy. Ambactiare, meaning “to go on a mission” in medieval Italian, was used for the envoys who kept the conversation running between the Italian city-states.

There are indications that diplomacy, in its primitive form, was employed in ancient China and Greece, the latter of which inspired the modern diplomacy in Europe.

Interdependence implies that the increasing connectivity between the actors and issues led to a world where no actor is immune from the impact of what is happening to another.

summit diplomacy is a form of conference diplomacy in which the heads of state or government come together to conduct negotiations. Thus, the correct answer is B. 

Wars with more than three participants are called complex wars, and they are longer and more uncertain than dyadic wars that are wars between two states.

Moreover, with the Peache of Westphalia, a new system of political order (balance of power) started to emerge in Europe to replace the declining feudal system. As sovereign states needed to coexist within the new system, a new form of non-interference to other states' internal affairs also emerged as a governing principle of international relations.

This group of theories are contemporary theories which were based on the critiques of previous theories and offering new explanations for foreign policy like constructivism and neoclassical realism.

The correct answer is E.The rise of multinational corporations; increase in the speed, and transformation in the form, of transnational capital flows; the growing importance of international institutions (both governmental and non-governmental); the accelerated advent of technology, including but not limited to the information technologies; and the growing permeability of borders have all contributed to the momentum of growing interdependence.

Emulative linkages happen when a development in one society is imitated by another. The events of the so-called Arab Spring that started in Tunis in 2010 quickly spreading to Libya, Egypt, and Syria are a case in point. the correct option is C.

Hugo Grotius is considered as the father of international law. 

Neutral states do not take sides in regional or international power competitions. They can achieve this through either isolating themselves from the outside world or trying to develop sustainable functional relations with many states.

Alliances are formed around gaining material power capabilities based on shared interests on foreign policies, which does not necessarily mean interfering with each state's internal politics. The correct option is E.

The correct classification of wars in accordance with their classification types is as follows: 

According to terrain and intensity / absolute and limited wars 

According to types of weapons / conventional and unconventional wars 

According to tactics / conventional and guerilla warfares 

According to composition of parties / international and civil-asymmetric wars 

According to motives of the parties / religious and ethnic wars. 

Thus, the correct answer is C. 

Types of diplomacy are bilateral diplomacy, multilateral diplomacy, summit diplomacy, ad hoc diplomacy, and parliamentary diplomacy.

Different leaders bring different leadership styles and varying biases to office. As a result, this might lead to escalation or de-escalation of a crisis, stemming out of completely different assessments of the same objective situation by decision makers perceiving the situation from their own psychological milieu. The correct option is B.

NATO is a typical example of hard-balancing in that members bring their material power capabilities together with a view to resist common external threats. Alliances of hard-balancing do also have organizational existence in that members establish formal institutional bureaucratic relations under the roof of alliance organizations.