As interest groups do, pressure groups also aim to influence governments, not take power themselves. For affecting governments, pressure groups are able to work in different environments with multiple variety of people through different ways like lobbying, media campaigning, and demonstrations. Within the scope of its multiple social environment of pressure groups, it may be said that the existence of pressure groups enhances pluralism in a society.

There are different variants of coercive diplomacy including ultimatum, tacit ultimatum, try-and-see, and gradual turn of the screw. Thus, the correct answer is E.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Foreign Policy is defined in various way in the literature:

• “the strategy or approach chosen by the national government to achieve its goals in its relations with external entities.” (Hudson, 2008, p.12) • “the sum of decisions made on behalf of a given political unit (usually a state) entailing the implementation of goals with direct reference to its external environment. Foreign policy inputs are those many factors that influence decision-making, whilst the observable outputs of foreign policy are a feature of state (and non-state) behavior within the international system.” (Smith, Hadfield, and Dunne, 2008, p.392) • “A set of actions or rules governing the actions of an independent political authority deployed in the international environment” (Morin and Paquin, 2018, p.3). • “Foreign policy in its traditional definition is the policy of a state towards external actors and especially other states. In contrast particularly to neorealism, it therefore does not primarily look at the international system as such but offers an ‘inside-out’ perspective to understand the decisionmaking process within a state that produces policies directed beyond the state.” (Diez, Bode, and Costa, 2011, p. 58) • “The totality of a country’s policies toward and interactions with the environment beyond its borders” (Breuning, 2007, p.180). • “The totality whereby state actors act, react and interact. Foreign policy has been termed a boundary activity. The term ‘boundary’ implies that those making policy straddle two environments: an internal or domestic environment and an external or global environment. The policy makers and the policy system stand therefore at these junction points and seek to mediate between the various milieu.” (Evans and Newnham, 1998, p. 179) • “Foreign policy is seen usually as the quintessential ‘boundary’ activity, at the interface between the domestic and the external spheres. While these spheres have never been completely separate, the boundary between them seems to have become more porous as a result of globalization – a multidimensional contested process that involves an increasing embedding of political, military, economic, social and cultural activities in politically unified (quasi) global spheres of activity.” (Alden and Aran, 2017, p.107)

The correct answer is E.

Absolute war is a type of warfare that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, the objectives pursued and resources that are allocated.

The death toll of the 20th century’s wars, which accounted for 75 % of the millennium’s total, is terrifying.

Internationalism assumes that states define their national identity and interests in such a way to underline the interests and identities that they share with others in common.

One of the most significant developments of 20th century was the outlawing of war as a legitimate instrument of foreign policy. It as realized with the establishment of the United Nations after the Second World War. Thus, the correct answer is D. 

Isolationism suggests that states would not want to get involved in political developments
taking place outside their territorial borders (Barumoeller, 2010, 349-371). They might think that they have the power capability to protect their territorial integrity and other key national interests by isolating themselves from the external environment. The correct answer is A.

States employing hard power categories have immense material power
capabilities in their regions and in the world, but Turkey and EU has preferred soft power due to their integration in their regions and positive perceptions of their values. The correct option is D.

Immediate causes are proximate while underlying causes are more fundamental. Immediate causes can be defined as causes that trigger the outbreak of war. The most famous example used for explaining the immediate cause of a war is the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist in 1914. This is the immediate cause that triggered the outbreak of the First World War.

According to Rousseau, war is a social institution, and thus, states the struggle between states not individuals. The root cause of war is the inequality between nations.

Emulative linkages happen when a development in one society is imitated by another. The events of the so-called Arab Spring that started in Tunis in 2010 quickly spreading to Libya, Egypt, and Syria are a case in point.

The Briand-Kellogg Pact in 1928

Propaganda is not among the economic instruments that states employ as a political tool. It is still one of the ways that states utilize to create desired results in the international arena, yet it is not an economic instrument. Thus, the correct answer is C. 

They embrace globalization. They believe that further integration within a globalizing environment would push states to cooperate with a view to find solutions to common problems and challenges.

Option E can be considered to be a factor to pursue an interventionist and imperialistic policies in foreign policies. The correct option is E.

Etiquette is a set of rules based on politeness and respectfulness including greetings, the order of greeting, the order of entering and/or leaving a room, being punctual, etc.

The difference between the concepts ‘milieu’ and ‘structure’ While milieu represents the visible, more tangible and emotionally laden conceptualization for man’s environment, structure represents a more abstract world, the underlying forces that effect and shape man’s life.

• Attractive soft powers are also normative powers.
• Soft powers can also be defined as persuasive soft powers, which are those that think they need to invest some capital in order to help create legitimacy and attraction in the eyes of others.
• The least soft and the most illegitimate form of soft power is sharp power. Sharp powers can also be defined as manipulative soft powers.
• Coercive is a type of hard powers.