The national government is  a unitary actor like assumed in the RAM

Ad hoc diplomacy is the oldest form of diplomacy that aims to conduct diplomatic relations by sending a special and / or temporary envoy on mission. Thus, the correct answer is D.

In order to understand the effect of sub-state actors on foreign policy, we need to know the role of bureaucracy, pressure groups, public opinion, interest groups, and media. As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is E.

Absolute war began with the Napoleonic Wars, which introduced large-scale conscription and geared the entire French national economy toward the war effort. The practice of absolute war evolved with industrialization, and this incident integrated the whole society and economy into the practice of war. The best and last example of absolute war was the Second World War.

The increasing interconnectedness among different nations, the rise of non-state actors in global politics, the growing attempts at regional and international integration, and the decreasing appeal of traditional hard power instruments appear to have led many pundits to argue that soft power has now become the new lingua franca of global.
power politics.

• Turning to Turkey, one can confidently argue that Turkey has left behind for some time the mentality of the power of coercion, and has partially succeeded in reconstructing itself as a civilian, normative, and diplomatic power.
• It is also certain that Turkey has been increasingly employing persuasive and coaxing tools in its foreign policy.
• Turkey is already a soft power actor in terms of its foreign policy instruments and the degree of attraction it has in the eyes of others; however, it is still too early to unquestionably argue that it has the power of persuasion.
• The main reason why Turkey’s soft power identity still remains dubious relates to the ongoing sociopolitical turmoil engulfing the country.

Following a series of wars among the European states during the 17th and 18th centuries, European diplomacy came to believe that main way to prevent further warfare was to preserve the balance of power between among the five major powers of the time: Britain, France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia.

Diplomacy refers to the art and practice of conducting negotiations between nations

The MGK has been a part of consecutive Turkish constitutions since 1961, and functions as a consultative body on issues of national security and by implication on issue of foreign policy

As Protestant princes were allowed to practice their religion within the boundaries of their principalities with the Treaty of Westphalia, one of the main principles of today’s international political system, i.e. the concept of state sovereignty, was thus emerged as a result. Moreover, with the Peace of Westphalia, a new system of political order (balance of power) started to emerge in Europe to replace the declining feudal system. 

Five permanent members of the UN Security Council: China, France, the UK, USA, and Russia. Germany is not a permanent member. The answer is C.

Isolationism suggests that states would not want to get involved in political developments taking place outside their territorial borders (Barumoeller, 2010, 349-371). They might think that they have the power capability to protect their territorial integrity and other key national interests by isolating themselves from the external environment

Status-quo oriented states are those that are content with the current power configuration in the system and they do not aspire to change it. They are
merely concerned with their existing status within the system and want to make sure that it continues. Their foreign policies most of the time begin and end at their national borders. They do not have an intention to see a new system emerge so that they would be in a much better, prestigious, or powerful status. They are generally risk-averse states. Rather than act, they react to external developments.

Attentive public is a concept used to provide a framework for researches on public opinion. One can define attentive public as the “proportion of the people in mass society who hold articulate, informed and coherent attitudes about public policy issues” (Evans and Newnham, 1998, p. 38)

The explanation describes the conditions about the recognition of the states, so the correct answer is B.

Three ground-breaking studies in IR around 1950s and 1960s, are considered to lead the way to FPA: Decision-Making as an Approach to the Study of International Politics by Richard C. Snyder, H. W. Bruck, and Burton Sapin in 1954, “PreTheories and Theories of Foreign Policy” by James N. Rosenau in 1964, and Man-Milieu Relationship Hypotheses in the Context of International Politics by Harold and Margaret Sprout in 1956. The correct answer is E.

The Briand-Kellogg Pact (1928) was the first international agreement upon which the parties committed that they would not use war to resolve disputes or conflicts that may arise among them.

From a legal point of view, states generally observe when recognizing other states that an entity to have, at the minimum, a defined territory, over which it has an effective control and centralized authority; a population that is granted citizenship of the entity; and a legitimate government that has a capability of exercising independent and effective authority over the population and the territory. 

Correspondence refers to the formal language and style while writing a message in diplomatic occasions.

Religious wars are conflicts, primarily caused or justified by differences in religion. They are somewhat related to ethnic conflicts because religion often serves as a cultural marker or ideological rationalisation for deeper ethnic and cultural differences. For example, Thirty Years’ Wars (1618-1648) the best known religious wars of Europe, even though it was an eruption of religious divisions within Europe, included also motivations of territory and autonomy.