Releasing a public statement is explicit recognition. D is the correct answer.

Self-defense

Soft powers can also be defined as persuasive soft powers, which are those that think they need to invest some capital in order to help create legitimacy and attraction in the eyes of others.

Propaganda is a non-violent instruments of foreign policy that states use, the other options are not related to the question. Therefore the correct answer is A.

Robert Kagan (2003) is one of those intellectuals who contributed to the growing salience of academic studies on power. He compared the United States to the European Union and came to the conclusion that the former is a typical hard power whereas the latter can be better defined as a soft power. In his categorization, its immense material power capabilities put the United States in a unique place in power hierarchy and lead Americans to see foreign and security policies from the perspective of military power. The correct answer is D.

Organized interest groups are internal factors of decision making in foreign policy while the rest are human factors related to it. The correct option is E.

Rational decision makers on foreign policy are “those who are open to arguments and evidence, free of serious blinkers as they weigh the evidence and think about the likely consequences of options” (Stein, 2008, 131). The phrase in bold shows that decision-makers should not be blinded by their own perception of truth. 

As very few of Ottoman Ambassadors knew European languages, the role of translators was very important in the Ottoman diplomatic system, and the establishment of the Translation Office in 1821is considered as the first step of institutionalization of diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire. 

Boycott aims to prevent either importing certain goods from the boycotted country or less frequently exporting certain products into that country.

Although four of the options are among war types, there is no war type as reciprocal war. Thus, the correct answer is E.

Civil War is a type of war in which one or more non-state armed groups are involved. The correct answer is E.

Isolationism suggests that states would not want to get involved in political developments taking place outside their territorial borders (Barumoeller, 2010, 349-371).

Implementation is a different way of decision-making. However, the concepts "implementation" and "decision-making" should not be used
interchangeably since not every decision needs to be implemented. The correct option is A.

Because the state and public leaders thought that the nature of public opinion as a blunt force could stir policy in irrational directions, media can be used to manage those opinions. The correct options is A. 

Yusuf Agah Efendi was appointed as the first Ottoman permanent ambassador in 1793 to London. 

The traditional assumption on foreign policy has been that states – and actors representing them – think and act in a rational manner. Under this traditional assumption these actors decide in consideration of all present alternatives, through a process that is focused on utility-maximization, while suffering minimum costs, in the best interest of the country and every effort is made to achieve the relevant information on the situation. This idea led to the understanding of the state as a blackbox – a unitary actor of internal differences of which, does not have any relevance pertaining to its foreign policy actions. In other words, regarding their foreign policies all states act upon a certain set of principles, affecting them in similar ways, which stem out of their ontology as states. Such an essentialist approach renders issues like; ideological or psychological predispositions of the decisionmakers, or differences of governmental systems, regime types, ideas or policymaking processes irrelevant. Hence, it takes systemic constrains to the core of foreign policy. It also assumes the existence of a prevailing understanding of the national interest that is mostly static and immune to changes in international politics. The notion “National Interest” is “used generally in two senses in IR: as an analytical tool identifying the goals or objectives of foreign policy and as an all-embracing concept of political discourse used specifically to justify particular policy preferences. In both senses, it refers to the basic determinants that guide state policy in relation to the external environment. It applies only to sovereign states and relates specifically to foreign policy: the internal variety usually being characterized as ‘the public interest’

As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All statements in the options can be used in order to describe the term  “National Interest”.

Political actions groups fall under the domestic actors category. The correct option is D.

For proponents of a structural approach to international relations, approaches concentrating on unit (actor) level, with their strong focus on the states, are somehow reductionist. That is because, although states are dominant agencies with persuasive power over their peers and other agencies, and with ability to exert consequential, though not definitive, influence on the outcomes, state behavior in and of itself is not enough to analyze either the interaction amongst the actors or the abovementioned outcomes.

Diplomatic conferences are the most common instrument for multilateral diplomacy. They have been playing important role in the international politics since the 1815 Vienna Congress, which also prompted the concept of “Conference Diplomacy”.

Bureaucracy is any wide-reaching group of assigned officials in order to execute foreign policy decisions of the decision makers. The first usage of bureaucracy was when Max Weber (1864-1920) described the term as the most affective way to establish an organization and administration.