Self-defense is a lawful reaction of the state to armed attack. In order to exercise the right to self-defense lawfully, a state must be able to demonstrate that it has been a victim of and armed attack. 

Decision actors consist mainly of only high level decision makers.

As explained by Trice (1978, p. 238), interest groups can be considered as “auxiliary actors that stand between the government and the mass public, tied to the governmental decision-making system by channels of communication”. On that premise, the concept of pressure groups can be viewed as “an organized group that does not put up candidates for election, but seeks to influence government policy or legislation” (Trueman, 2015).

A much better categorization would take place if one puts the potential hard
powers into two main groups, coercive powers and inducing/enticing/coaxing powers. Coercive powers are those that try to get what they want from others by coercing them to meet their choices. They simply offer others two alternative choices. Others would either agree to their terms or get punished severely for their non-compliance. Stated somewhat differently, coercive powers would put an ultimatum on others.

Liberal internationalists tend to pursue goals based on shared interests in a community, but realist internationalists focus on common foreign and security policy interests. Thus, the correct option is A.

Hegemony is the political, economic, or military predominance or control of one state over others.

Isolationism suggests that states would not want to get involved in political developments taking place outside their territorial borders.

The first case the Security Council authorized a military intervention citing R2P was the Libya intervention of 2011. The answer is A.

Reactive linkages are observed when an event in one society
leads to an impromptu reaction in another. Here governments play no role. The reactions that Turkish society shows to the events between the Palestinians and Israel. The correct option is E.

Cultural globalisation refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the World in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations.

The assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist in 1914 can be used as an example of the immediate cause of war. The answer is B. 

With the dawning of the 14th century, and the decline of feudalism, the period of a new economic, social and thus political transition began. The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1457) raised the need for large military forces, including the mercenary contingents. This, in turn, required the development of a centralized governmental mechanism (Gabriel and Metz, 1992: 73).

The Syrian civil war is not an example of an international war.

The first recorded permanent representative was sent by Milan city-state under Francesco Sforza in 1463 to the court of France. D is the correct answer.

Tariff is a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports. Tariffs are generally used by governments to protect domestic industries from international competition or to create revenue. 

Etiquette is a set of rules based on politeness and respectfulness including greetings, the order of greeting, the order of entering and/or leaving a room, being punctual, etc.

Basic elements of diplomatic protocol consist of the rules regarding to ceremony, etiquette, titles, correspondence, wardrobe, and dining. Therefore the correct answer is B.

Differences in definition lie not only in the different points of view, but definitions have shifted over time along with changes that war underwent in practice. While wars have changed in their structure, scope, aim and technology a need for new definitions arose accordingly.

Wars with more than three participants are called complex wars, and they are longer and more uncertain than dyadic wars that are wars between two states. Dyadic wars are simpler in comparison to complex wars since there are only two foreign policies, sets of motives, and interactions. Dyadic wars are more prone to break out between neighbor states over territorial disputes while complex wars are more likely to exhibit
complex power politics (Vasquez and Valeriano, 2010: 294-296).

The case given is a Bilateral Diplomacy, so the correct answer is B.