The world was on high alert, given the potential of a nuclear war. The tension was eased, however, on October 26, when Moscow declared that it would remove its missile pads in Cuba if the US promised not to attempt another invasion of the island (Dockrill and Hopkins, 2006: 85). Even more important was the secret US promise to dismantle its nuclear arsenal in Turkey. In the end, the crisis revealed that open channels of diplomacy and communication could go an extremely long way to bringing a situation back from the brink, setting a powerful precedent for détente a decade later.

Self-determination is the idea that a country can determine its own destiny and has the right to establish its own sovereign government. The correct answer is Choice B.

In March 1941, the US Congress passed the ingenious Lend-Lease Act, which authorized the president to put American resources at the disposal of any state whose defense he regarded as necessary for American security. Although the program was initially aimed to rescue Britain, it was eventually included more than thirty-eight states fighting against the Axis powers (Best et.al. 2008:149).

These developments motivated US President Eisenhower, who launched an economic and military aid program in January 1957 to protect Middle Eastern countries from military threats and internal (communist-inspired) turmoil. Known as the Eisenhower Doctrine, this policy was a direct response to the perceived increase in Soviet influence in the region and, as such, promised aid to any Middle Eastern country “threatened by armed aggression,” i.e. communism, whether from within or without.

Woodrow Wilson declared the Fourteen Points in January 1918 to constitute a basis for post-war peace negotiations.

The Cold war between the superpowers affected regions in various ways and led to different outcomes, including decolonization, regional integration, pan-movements, revolutions, conflicts, and wars. However, global economic growth could not be considered as one of the effects. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

The most important of these effortsvwould be the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty in December 1987 and the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I (START I) in July 1991, negotiations for which had begun
in 1982.

Japan also called for Asian unification against Western imperialism that would lead to Asian self-sufficiency and prosperity. In reality, it meant Japanese imperial domination in the Far East. According to Hobsbawm, the gates to World War II were opened first in 1931 with the Japanese military take-over and the invasion of Manchuria. The correct answer is E. 

The cooperative mood that began with the signing of START I was followed by the signing of START II in January 1993.

As a final institutional measure to solidify the emerging eastern bloc and counter the Marshall Plan, in January 1949 Moscow launched the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, better known as COMECON.

After the failure of the London Foreign Ministers’ Conference in late 1947, the US, France, Britain, and the Benelux states (Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg) met again from February to June 1948 in what would be called the London Six Power Conference to hammer out an agreement on the formulation of a unified West German state.

Six European countries, namely Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands responded positively by pooling their coal and steel industries and signing the Treaty of Paris in 1951. The establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community was the first step towards the European integration and paved the way for the establishment of the European Economic Community in 1957.

Hitler aimed to conquer Britain

before turning his forces against the Soviet Union

(Gilbert, 2004:56). However, he received certain

reports that “the Allies were preparing to occupy

Norway and Sweden under the cover of coming

to the aid of Finland” (Rich, 2003:217). He

further argued that such a preparation should be

prevented, for if the British forces had occupied

Norway and Sweden this would have been a

serious threat to German strategic and economic

interests. Germany had various naval bases in the

Baltic Sea and depended on Sweden’s iron ore

(Rich, 2003:217).

Luther also translated the Bible into German, which also helped rapidly spread his ideas given the huge recent gains in the development of the printing press (Alcock, 2002: 126), which rapidly led to further divisions. Between 1517 and 1520, Luther’s followers printed over 300,000 of his writings, and his pamphlets were read in universities and by clerics who went on to spread his ideas to even larger audiences across Germany (Philpott, 2000: 226). By the mid-16th century, Lutheranism was firmly established in northern and eastern Germany (Alcock, 2002: 127).

This ease in tensions also had an impact on intraregional and international relations. Both France and West Germany entered into independent diplomacy with the Soviet Union, marking the beginning of a series of independently declared détentes with the USSR from 1964 onward (Zickel, 1991: 420-425).

Though most point to 1946-47 as the beginning of the Cold War, the US and USSR.

A new era in the history of Arab-Israeli conflict began with the normalization of relations between Egypt and Israel in 1978 when US President Jimmy Carter invited Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to the United States to facilitate negotiations between the two countries. The correct answer is Choice A.

Greek state system was  based on a shared language, culture, and common religion.