In February 1945 Stalin, Roosevelt, and

Churchill met again to discuss the political

problems of post-war Europe in the Crimean town

of Yalta. The main points discussed at the Yalta

Conference (February 4-11, 1945) were as follows:

• the establishment of the United Nations,
• the partition of Germany and reparation

payments,

• the settlement of Polish issue,
• whether and under what conditions the

Soviet Union would enter the war against

Japan (Bell, 2011:202).

Almost every European power took part in the Thirty Years' War, including the German principalities, France, Sweden, Spain, Bohemia, Poland, Denmark, Russia and the Holy Roman Empire. However, Japan is not one of the countries involved.

In a similar tone, and as early as 1989, even before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Francis Fukuyama in his famous article, “The End of History” argued that history was made as a result of the clash between individualism and collectivism, and that the weakening of communist regimes in the USSR and East Europe meant the defeat of the forces of collectivism and the victory of individualism, i.e., liberalism.

The Declaration of Independence in 1776 was merely assumed as a crack in the politics of the British Empire, not a social upheaval of subjects against their kings; the role of the American bourgeoisie was neglected. Ratifying its constitution by 1791, the United States of America was declared as a federal republic, announcing a new type of sovereignty based upon the people rather than an absolute monarch. According to this, the correct answer is option A.

Irredentism is a territorial claim by one sovereign state against another, aimed at equalizing the boundaries of its ‘nation’ (or ethnicity) with the borders of the state.

Brezhnev Doctrine is “expounded by Leonid Brezhnev in November 1968 affirming the right of the Soviet Union to intervene in the affairs of communist countries in order to protect communism,” (Best et al., 2008: 280).

The Glorious Revolution is the event in English history that involved the overthrown of King James II and replacement of him with his protestant daughter Mary II and her husband, William III, prince of Orange and stadtholder of the Netherlands. The Glorious Revolution ultimately established the supremacy of parliament over the monarchy, (www.britannica.com).

Self-determination is the idea that a country can determine its own destiny and has the right to establish its own sovereign government. The UN Charter, signed on June 26, 1945, established the principle of self-determination and provided the basis for its own decolonization push. 

The cross-channel invasion of France was discussed in the Tehran Conference which had been held two years before the Yalta Conference. "D" is the correct option.

Probably, the most visible sign of the shift in global power dynamics is the emergence of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). The cooperation initially began between Brazil, Russia, India and China in an informal manner in 2006 and expanded with the inclusion of South Africa in 2011.

The subsequent December 7 attack on Pearl Harbor had the opposite of its intended effect. Far from causing the US to sue for peace, it ignited the largest war machine in human history. At the Battle of El Alamein in October 1942, the British Eight Army, commanded by General Bernard L. Montgomery, drove the Germans from Egypt. In addition to this, having gained absolute air and naval superiority in the Channel, the Allied forces did not meet serious resistance from either sea or air when they attacked Normandy. "A" is the correct option.

When viewed from the angle of the debates trying to project the future of the new world order, the First Gulf War was important for several reasons. First, this was the first ever that smart bombs had been used, i.e. precision-guided bombs and missiles tuned with incredible accuracy and were very effective in destroying their intended targets and were crucial to the US-led international
coalition’s swift victory. Second, the war coincided with the development of cable news networks whose 24-hour coverage of the war led to the emergence of the CNN Effect. The CNN Effect is the ability of the news media to shape public opinion, including that of public officials, thus influencing major foreign policy decisions. Third, the success of the international coalition, though able to garner a swift victory against Iraq, triggered false hopes about the role of institutions and major powers to act collectively against a common threat in the post-Cold War order. Finally, though the war liberated Kuwait and forced Saddam Hussein to accept UN-imposed sanctions and allow inspectors to check for weapons of mass destruction, it did not remove him as a threat to US interests in the Middle East. Along with Iran, Iraq became part of the US “dual containment strategy.” Though the First Gulf War was over within weeks, America’s account with Saddam Hussein would only be settled by its invasion of Iraq in 2003.

The ideological component of the Bush Doctrine was its willingness to promote democratization across the Middle East which was based on the belief that democracies would not harbor terrorists.

Napoleon’s greatest failure, it must said, remained Britain, which refused to bend the knee. Remaining outside of the continent, Britain effectively fought
both Napoleon’s political ventures and economic model.

The Allies could agree upon German demilitarization, denazification, and the establishment of an Allied Control Council.

The concept of “nonalignment” is a Cold War phenomenon used to explain the foreign policy of formerly colonized countries. As a term, nonalignment is commonly used to describe the policy of remaining aloof from the super power alliance system of the Cold War and developing friendly relations with other nations (Gupta and Shukla, 2009: 376).

Known as COMECON. With the aim of facilitating the economic development of the eastern bloc, the group’s original members included the USSR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland.