To summarize the effects of the revolutions of
1848 upon the Concert of Europe, it can be
argued that:
• The revolutions of 1848 effectively
destroyed the absolutist regimes in Europe
(except in Russia), thus ending the very
basis upon which the Holy Alliance was
built. As such, monarchist, anti-liberal,
and anti-nationalist characteristics became
obsolete as almost every European state
was transformed into a constitutional
monarchy.
• As Metternich was taken out of office, the
last political figure from the Congress of
Vienna had departed. The signatories of the
Holy Alliance and founders of the Concert
system eventually ceased to exist.
• The revolutions in Austria demonstrated
the weakness of the Habsburg monarchy as
its empire came to the brink of dissolution.
Her role as manager and balancer of the
Concert system could no longer be fulfilled.
• The rise of liberalism and nationalism
with the revolutionary movements and
their success in establishing constitutional
regimes affected the policy-making of the
states. Unlike absolute monarchies, the new
governments were responsible to people
for legitimizing their policies. Therefore,
cooperation among actors under these new
circumstances was not as easy.
• The major powers found themselves in an
atomized state in which each state shifted
to its own individual interest rather than
compromise on a common interest that
promised mutual gains from the existing
status quo.

According to these arguments, the correct answer is option C.

Adolf Hitler’s method in Poland

was called ‘Blitzkrieg’—a lightning war. For

starters, German air attacks destroyed much of

the Polish air force. Second, German bombers

attacked at road and rail communications,

munitions dumps, and civilian centers. These wellcoordinated

German tanks and armored vehicles

with devastating air power destroyed Polish forces

within a short time.

Third World countries came together in many conferences and meetings before 1955, and the previous meetings had prepared the ground for Bandung. Nevertheless, the Bandung Conference is significant because it was the first multilateral meeting of newly independent states and a milestone for the development of a Third World consciousness. Some scholars also have noted its importance, “it was the Bandung conference of the Afro-Asian movement which symbolized the emergence of the Third World as a motive force in international relations. The correct answer is Choice C. 

Sovereignty a condition necessary for states in that they are not subject to any higher authority… Internally governments have been subject to conventional standards, and externally conditions may mean that governments are more or less free to act independently. A sovereign government is free to choose within the framework of these conventions and standards. The correct answer is B. 

For John Lewis Gaddis, the end of the Cold War spelled the “triumph of hope”. In a similar tone, and as early as 1989, even before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Francis Fukuyama argued that history was made as a result of the clash between individualism and collectivism, and that the weakening of communist regimes in the USSR and East Europe meant the defeat of the forces of collectivism and the victory of individualism, i.e., liberalism.

Though the signing of the accords garnered Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat, and Shimon Peres the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994, it quickly became clear that they had been stillborn. First, there were groups among both the Palestinians and Israelis that saw the accords as an act of treason. On the Palestinian side, the signing of the accords helped pave the way towards the rise of Hamas, a radical Islamist alternative to PLO that considered the accords an act of treason. On the Israeli side, they lead to the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin in November 1995 by an Israeli extremist, who similarly saw Oslo as caving to Palestinian demands. Second, the accords were unable to stop the violence that both sides were perpetrating against each other, and third, they did not really clarify important issues such as the current and future state of the Jewish settlements in the West Bank and Gaza, the status of Jerusalem, or the repatriation of Palestinian refugees. The final blow to the accords came in September 2000 with the start of the Second Intifada. It was triggered by the ‘visit’ of Ariel Sharon, then leader of the Likud Party, to Haram al-Sharif (the Temple Mount), where he declared the holy site a part of the Jewish state. With that Israeli-Palestinian relations tumbled yet again into a spiral of violence. 

Gorbachev kept his belief in socialism. Introducing glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) as part of a ‘new thinking’ needed to fix the failing parts of the Soviet system.

The Bandung Conference, was organized by Indonesia, India, Burma, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan in Bandung, Indonesia in April 1955. Japan is not one of the organizing countries. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

The outbreak of the Greek Civil War at the beginning of the Cold War was especially considered as one of the most important events since it was the first battle of the Cold War period (Koumas, 2017: 99). The Greek Civil War took place between the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and the CentreRight Government, in other words Communists and anti-Communists, during 1946-1949. As Pelt (2006: 15) puts it, “the Greek Civil War […] brought Greece to the fore in the ideological, political, economic and military rivalry that already existed between East and West”. During the civil war, neighbouring countries of Yugoslavia, Albania and Bulgaria supported the Communist Party of Greece while Britain assisted the Greek government. The correct answer is Choice B.

The mood for détente had already been set, and both powers wanted to halt the arms race to relieve their economies from the strain thereof. As a result, the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) was concluded to limit the amount of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and submarine-launched ballistic missiles.

Nonalignment means remaining distant from the super power alliance system of the Cold War. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

While the voters in Austria, Finland, and Sweden had said “yes” to their countries’ membership, Norwegians, as they had in 1972, voted “no,” largely to avoid sharing their oil and gas revenues from the North Sea and to not have to open their commercial fisheries to other EU fishers.

Ideas such as state sovereignty, independence, or international law were not established concepts before the 17th century. 

The 19th century is usually labelled as the ‘long’ 19th century, this era has significant characteristics to mention. First, while the world had been geographically integrated into a single map by the end of the 18th century, the center of the international system appeared to be Europe (Hobsbawm, 1962:7). In this sense the major actors of the system were all European powers. Second, there was a tension between rulers and ruled throughout most of the century, which led to numerous mass movements, uprisings, and revolutions. Third, the century witnessed the rise of ideologies such as liberalism, nationalism, and socialism that reshaped the geographical and political borders of the European system. Fourth, the gap between absolutism and constitutionalism was a constant rivalry that challenged governments’ sovereignty. According to these information, the correct answer is option B.

For the cultural determinist, the Cold War was a struggle between civilizations, with an Orthodox authoritarian collectivist East pitted against a liberal individualistic Catholic and Protestant West.

The issuance of the Balfour Declaration of 1917 by the British government pledged the British support for the Zionist movement and proved a milestone in the creation of the State of Israel. The declaration allowed Jewish immigration to Palestine and stated that “[h]is Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object […]”