Secret alliances upset a fragile balance and helped erode the localization of wars, a common practice since the Congress of Vienna. With the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1894 (whose secretive nature upset both Germany and Britain), Europe had de facto divided itself into two camps.

On October 7, 2001, the US, with British support, officially launched Operation Enduring Freedom against Taliban forces. Rather than a full-scale military occupation, the early phase of the war involved US airstrikes backed by a small number of Special Forces and Marines.

The Germans thought that they would win the war in a matter of weeks, and certainly before the onset of winter, which everyone knew would hinder largescale operations. The codename for the German invasion was Operation Barbarossa in honor of Frederick I, the Holy Roman Emperor who organized a 12th century crusade to liberate the holy places of Christianity from the Muslim control. According to Nazi propaganda, the German campaign in Russia was of a similar character—a crusade against a Bolshevik regime that threatened European civilization.

After the German occupation of Czechoslovakiain 1939, Hitler turned his attention to Poland,demanding the annexation of the Free City ofDanzig and the abolition of the Polish Corridor,a narrow strip linking Poland with the Baltic Seaand dividing East Prussia from the rest of Germany(Gilbert, 2004:15). The Second World War began with the German attack on Poland on September 1,1939.

To be one of the largest assistance programs in modern history, the Marshall Plan did not distinguish between those parts of Europe under Soviet control and those that were not.

Since 1938 the Soviets had demanded concessions from Finland in the Karelian Isthmus and concerning various islands in the Gulf of Finland to provide a better defensive perimeter for Leningrad.  It was also agreed that the Allied forces should take control of the Swedish iron ore fields at Gällivare. The Soviet attack on Finland also upset Germany, which had great economic interests in this region.

US financial assistance for recovery is known as the Marshall Plan. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

When the German troops advanced towards Moscow, there was a general panic in the city due to the rumors circulating about the Soviet evacuation. To prevent this, Stalin stayed in the city (Roberts, 2002:39-40). On November 6 and 7, he delivered a speech in front of the public for the anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution, and commanded everyone to fight till the end. "C" is the correct option.

The Ten Principles of Bandung:

1. Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and the principles of the Charter of the United Nations.

2. Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.

3. Recognition of the equality of all races and of equality among all nations, both large and small.

4. Non-intervention or non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries.

5. Respect for the right of every nation to defend itself, singularly or collectively, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.

6. A. The non-use of collective defense pacts to benefit the specific interests of any of the great Powers.

    B. The non-use of pressure by any one country against another.

7. Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country.

8. Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, such as negotiation, conciliation, arbitration, or judicial settlement as well as other peaceful means of the parties’ own choice in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.

9. Promotion of mutual interests and cooperation.

10. Respect for justice and international obligations.

The correct answer is Choice C.

The Cold War  had very strained ties since the Russian Revolution of 1917

The Locarno Pact refers to “[t]he series of treaties concluded at Locarno in Switzerland in October 1925. The most important was the Rhineland Pact, signed by France, Germany and Belgium and guaranteed by Britain and Italy.

Diplomacy means the conduct of affairs between states by official agents through peaceful means with several ends in mind: 

First, it facilitates communication between political leaders or states and other entities of world politics. 

Second, it facilitates the negotiation of agreements. 

Third, it serves to gather intelligence or information from host countries. 

Fourth, it minimizes the effects of frictions in international relations. 

Fifth, it symbolizes the concrete existence of international society.

Therefore, among the given information, Number IV is wrong, others are correct.

A series of negotiations also took place between 1985-1989. Reagan and Gorbachev first met at a summit in Geneva in 1985 to conclude an arms reduction deal. Though talks here were inconclusive, a second summit was held in Reykjavik in 1986, though this too failed after Reagan consistently refused to disband the US’ SDI program.

The correct answer is E

Six European countries, namely Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands responded positively by pooling their coal and steel industries and signing the Treaty of Paris in 1951. The establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community was the first step towards the European integration and paved the way for the establishment of the European Economic Community in 1957.

Hitler discarded Sea Lion and turned to Operation Barbarossa against Soviet Russia. In the meantime, however, he saw air bombing as a powerful tool against Britain. Right after cancelling Sea Lion, on August 1, 1940, with Directive No. 17 Hitler ordered an air attack on Britain to crush the Royal Air Force. Hitler realised that the airforce was too big for Germans in 1940 and decided to turn his attention to Soviet Union.

George Washington, Founding Father and the First President of the US.

Algerian independence from French rule was the result of a long and protracted war from 1954-1962. The movement for Algerian independence began during World War I and gained momentum after World War II with the establishment of National Liberation Front (FLN) in October 1954. The correct answer is Choice A.

The first of the diplomatic crises was the Fashoda Crisis of 1898 between France and Britain.

The Cuban Revolution of 1959 had led to the emergence of a communist Cuba that soon became an ally of the Soviet Union. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

The Cold War developed after 1945 with the rise of the United States and Soviet Union as rival global powers. Therefore, the correct choice is A.