The discipline of International Relations refers to the Peace of Westphalia that ended the 30 Years’ War in 1648 as “the dawn of the modern international system.”

The weaknesses of the League of Nations may be summarized as follows: • The primary problem of the League was the assumed equality among its members. As it was a design of the victorious states of World War I, the US, Britain, France, Japan, and Italy were given permanent membership in the Council. After the US rejection of the League of Nations, the Council was dominated by European powers. Although it was one of the permanent members, Japan became quickly disillusioned when the principle of racial equality was not accepted (Burkman, 2008: 80-86).

Choices (a), (b), (c), and (e) are listed among knowledge-based (cognitive) theories. Choice (d) is the correct answer.

Ernst B. Haas who has developed the idea of regional integration through functional cooperation on ‘nonpolitical’ issues, which would in fact lead to further integration in the geographical area concerned, deserves to be known as the founding father of neofunctionalism. The correct answer is B.

International regimes have been conceptualized as intervening variables standing between basic causal factors and actors’ behaviors. According to Krasner, there are four defining components of international regimes:

• Principles are beliefs of causation, fact, and rectitude.

• Norms are standards of behavior, and they are defined in terms of rights and obligations.

• Rules are specific prescriptions or proscriptions for action.

• Decision-making procedures are prevailing practices for making and implementing collective choice

The given concept belongs to legalism. The correct answer is D.

The correct answer is B.Hugo Grotious is a Dutch philosopher and statesman who lived between 1583 and 1645. His main importance in the theory and practice of international relations is his contributions to the development of international law. His works include De Jure Praedae (written c. 1604–6, but published only in 1868), Mare Liberum (first published 1609), and De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625). To modern scholars, Grotius’ insights into a number of questions which continue to occupy a central place in contemporary thought about international relations are striking (Bull, Kingsbury and Roberts, 1992).

Cord Meyer, another prominent world governmentalist, has argued that the nation- state was responsible for two world wars within a generation. “As long as the inhabitants of the earth prefer to live as members of sovereign states,” he wrote, “the catastrophe of war will remain the ultimate means of settling their disputes and of protecting their rights and very existence. 

World order is associated with a governable system where relations among the constituent units are managed through peaceful means.

The study of international organizations (IOs) and global governance embodies a wide range of topics that have conceptual, historical, and theoretical dimensions.

Growing trade relations among states have increased the activities
of multinational corporations (MNCs). This process has also encouraged societies to establish non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to push their governments. Eventually, international NGOs have emerged to deal with transnational issues and challenges.

One proponent of legalism has been Hans Kelsen. In Peace Through Law, which was published toward the end of the Second World War, Kelsen argued that if the big powers were satisfied in their territorial claims, then following the war they could agree on a legalistic scheme for order. 

Haggard and Simmons outline four approaches that explain regime formation and maintenance: structural, game-theoretic, functional, and cognitive

World-order proposals can be classified under the two grand theories of international relations. Under the Realist school, the most prominent proposal has been the classical balance of power theory. Idealist school, undoubtedly, has been more productive relative to the Realist school and produced proposals such as collective security, world government, legalism, functionalism, and cosmopolitanism.

The balance of power is a decentralized system for managing of power relationships. Two ideas on the balance of power as a system merit attention. First, the balance of power is a “fallback system” of international relations; in a multistate system, unless an alternate system is established for the management of power, it is natural for states to take care of their own security. Second, the classical balance system of the earlier centuries has been modified by two major developments in this century; the establishment of general international organizations, and the creation of institutionalized alliances such as NATO. The correct option is D.

The First Hague Conference was held in May 1899 with the attendance of 26 states.

The Berlin Congress was the first international meeting where previously-formed committees examined all issues ahead of the Congress. As such, the success of the Berlin Congress was attributed to the preparatory meetings of these committees

The League of Nations is the first permanent IO that was established for the maintenance of international peace and security.

Neofunctionalism has been introduced as the idea of “peace in parts” by following the idea if each region in the world were peaceful, then, we would have perpetual peace at the global level. The correct answer is E.

TNOs are divided into three types: genuine INGOs, hybrid NGOs, and trans-governmental organizations (TGOs).