Power-based (Structural) theories;

1. Hegemonic stability theory (Keohane, 1984)

2. Power-oriented research (Krasner, 1983)

3. Modern realist perspective (Grieco, 1988)

the first and foremost objective of the system is creating and preserving an approximate equilibrium of power among states; only within such a power configuration can we expect to have order and stability in the system and to ensure the survival of states and the multistate system. Considering an equilibrium of power, the primary objective of the system helps us to reconcile the arguments of balance of power theorists. From this perspective, for example, there is not a major difference of view between scholars who hold that the system’s objective is not to prevent war and those who do so.

Communicative action approach is a knowledge-based (cognitive) theories. The others are interest based (institutional) theories.

If its membership is not confined to a particular region and open to all states, this kind of organization is classified as a universal organization such as the UN. Nevertheless, this typology is contested.

It is true that the Congress of Vienna reinstituted the status of the European powers (E), but the most significant outcome of the Congress of Vienna was the creation of a new diplomatic and political system in Europe, which is referred to as the Concert of Europe.

The correct choice is B.

The concept of legalism refers to a world-order approach that considers international law as the exclusive means to sustaining and promoting world order.

The national government and law model is referenced by the definition in the question. The correct option is C.

Social order

the Paris Peace Conference convened in January 1919 to negotiate the terms of peace.

The first main function of IOs is articulation and aggregation. This refers to the ability of IOs to bring together unions or organizations that focus on similar issues. IOs enable the actors who share similar objectives to work together for better conditions and help them make their voice heard. In case of disagreement, members may leave the umbrella organization and establish a new international organization. Trade unions, youth movements, employers’ associations generally illustrate this function of IOs

From a liberal perspective, world government may not be a sound proposal to world order. Its argument that the individual will enjoy freedom under a world government is dubious. A single government at the international level can hardly be conducive to the enjoyment of individual freedom, nor is it conducive to the promotion of community values. It is also in direct confrontation with a liberal pragmatic way of establishing the desired order through pluralistic means by a slow process. The question of “how we will get there from here” has not been deeply thought by the world governmentalists; and as this question has been answered so far, it has a utopian character either by the consent, by conquest, or by the people’s initiative.

There are five models of internet governance:

• The spontaneous cyberspace model: The Internet is beyond the reach of government control, and it is a self-governing realm of individual liberty.

• The transnational institutions and organization model: It inherently transcends national borders. As a result, most suitable institutions are transnational and quasiprivate cooperatives or international organizations with treaty arrangements.

• The internet architecture and code model: Many regulatory decisions are made by communication protocols and other software about how the Internet operates.

• The national government and law model: Regulatory decisions about the Internet are made through legal regulations by national governments.

• The market regulation and economics model: Market forces are driving forces in shaping the nature of the Internet.

Functionalism has been criticized because it assumes that war is the result of economic and social backwardness. 

One ardent supporter of functionalism has been David Mitrany. In his authoritative work, A Working Peace System, Mitrany argues that the world has become so “closely interrelated,” that one issue in one part of the world has been affecting other peoples living in other parts of the world. This suggests in fact that human beings have become “one indivisible community” (Mitrany, 1966: 13 and 37). Meeting the needs of this community, according to Mitrany, requires a different approach than we have now- the territorial organization of the world by nation-states. However, nation-states, so the argument goes, are reluctant to give up their sovereignty.

Krasner, there are four defining components of international regimes: • Principles are beliefs of causation, fact, and rectitude. • Norms are standards of behavior, and they are defined in terms of rights and obligations. • Rules are specific prescriptions or proscriptions for action. • Decision-making procedures are prevailing practices for making and implementing collective choice (Krasner, 1983: 2).

The spontaneous cyberspace model: The internet is beyond the reach of government control, and it is a self-governing realm of individual liberty.

The concept of legalism refers to a world-order approach that considers international law as the exclusive means to sustaining and promoting world order. Although the endproduct of its proponents has been a world government or world federalism, they however, acknowledging the difficulty involved in this process, have generally entertained the idea that world government may be created by first establishing a world confederal structure. Federalism and Confederalism, so the argument goes, would and should be achieved by uniting the world around a common global law. A general international organization, more specifically the UN, would be given the right and the capability to enforce international rules on the states and to bring any international discussion to the World Court.

If the members of an organization are governments or official representatives of governments, this type of IOs is called intergovernmental organizations (IGOs).