The first significant contribution of the UN to the global governance of human rights is its function of establishing human rights norms and standards, of which the most notable example is the adoption of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the General Assembly. Since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights dates after the establishment of the UN, the correct choice is B.

Heywood notes that a great power is “deemed to rank amongst the most powerful in a hierarchical state-system” and identifies four criteria for being a member of this so-called “great power club”:

• “Great powers are in the first rank of military prowess, having the capacity to maintain their own security and, potentially, to influence other powers.

• They are economically powerful states; although (as Japan shows) this is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for great power status.

• They have global, and not merely regional, spheres of interests.

• They adopt a ‘forward’ foreign policy and have actual, and not merely potential, impact on international affairs”

Therefore, the correct option is A.

Arab League is an inter-governmental organization

Functional Commissions:

• Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
• Narcotic Drugs
• Population and Development
• Science and Technology for Development
• Social Development
• Statistics
• Status of Women
• United Nations Forum on Forests

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) functions as a regional office under ECOSOC.

A middle-range state in the international system may be defined as “one that is neither great nor small in terms of its power, capacity, and influence; and exhibits the capability to create cohesion and obstruction toward global order and governance” (Karim, 2018: 3). The middle-range states have an important role especially within international organizations. Although such states do not individually have a leadership role in international organizations, they are able to follow an effective policy when they act collectively. In addition, the middle-range states have some individual roles in the international system in foreign-policy issues such as coalition-builder, mediator, public diplomacy promoter, perception manager, and bridge-builder. 

Peace and Security, Human Rights, The Rule of Law and Development are the four pillars described in the UN charter. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

'The first concrete step toward establishing the UN was taken when U.S. President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed a joint declaration called the Atlantic Charter in August 1941' is the full sentence. Therefore, the correct choice is A. 

The BRICS countries are Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The correct answer is E. 

Health is another major area of global governance. When nations came together to form the UN in 1945, one of the proposals on the agenda was setting up a global health organization. Thus, the Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) came into force on April 7, 1948. Therefore, we now celebrate April 7 as the world health day. All members of the UN are also members of WHO, which is located in Geneva/ Switzerland. Its primary purpose is to promote global health. WHO is mandated to direct and coordinate authority on international health within the UN system in several ways, including to:

• provide leadership on matters critical to health and engage in partnerships where joint action is needed,

• shape the research agenda and stimulate the generation, translation, and dissemination of valuable knowledge,

• set norms and standards and promote and monitore their implementation,

• articulate ethical and evidence-based policy options,

• provide technical support, catalyze change, and build sustainable institutional capacity,

• monitore the health situation and assess health trends (http://www.who.int).

WHO has been very successful in controlling malaria and other diseases of the poorer countries. While WHO has undertaken some specific health issue campaigns, its central strategy is based on primary healthcare, including health education, food supply and nutrition, safe water, sanitation, immunization, disease prevention, and the provision of essential drugs. Because of overlapping goals, WHO works closely with other UN bodies such as UNICEF, the Refugee Agency, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), and the World Food Programme (WFP) to coordinate their activities. 

The correct answer is B. 

The Secretariat is divided into various offices and departments. The following units under the Secreterait are directly responsible for global economic and social affairs:

• The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA),

• The United Nations Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR),

• The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),

• The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (ODC),

• The United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (OHRLLS),

• The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA)

The correct answer is E. 

Unlike multi-national corporations, these individuals and nongovernmental organizations usually consist of non-profit and voluntary organizations (Heywood, 2011:152).

To use power to take diplomatic or economic measures against an aggressor state is not one of the major functions of the UN Secretary-General. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

On December 10, 1948, only three years after the establishment of the United Nations, the General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which explicates basic civil, cultural, economic, political, and social rights that all persons in every country should enjoy.  This declaration with the UN Charter constitutes the foundations of the human rights law. 

The correct answer is B. 

The benevolent hegemonic order, Snidal argues, involves a higher level of cooperation as well as positive sanctions (rewards), while the coercive hegemonic order is more about a high level of enforcement and negative sanctions (threats). Therefore, the correct option is E.

Liberal institutionalism is a version of liberalism that emphasizes the positive role of international institutions and global governance in promoting peace and cooperation. It holds that both domestic and international institutions are instrumental in ending wars, rivalry, and conflict between nation states. It rejects the idea that world politics is destined to be dominated by powerful states whereas international institutions and global governance are without any power that may effect change in the system. Realists and neorealists appreciate the primacy of great powers and the balance of power system in managing world order. However, for liberals, international institutions play (and should play) a key role in world politics. Choice (e) is the correct answer.

The UN General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) play crucial roles in global social and economic governance. Both UN bodies contribute to standard-setting, norm entrepreneurship, interstate and state-civil society cooperation, and the codification of international law with regard to political, economic, humanitarian, social, and legal issues. The General Assembly and ECOSOC are based on the one state/one vote principle. While ECOSOC is the principal UN body that is mainly responsible for the UN’s economic and social programs.

António Guterres, who assumed the office in January 2017, is the current UN
Secretary-General. The correct answer is C.

Transnational advocacy networks: “A transnational advocacy network includes those relevant actors working internationally on an issue who are bound together by shared values, a common discourse, and dense exchanges of information and services”