Joseph Nye has classified power as “soft power,” “hard power,” and “smart power.” Hard power is the use of coercion and payment; soft power is the ability to obtain preferred outcomes through attraction; smart power is the combination of the tools of both hard power and soft power. Therefore, the correct option is D.

From a liberal perspective, however, world government may not be a sound proposal to world order. Its argument that the individual will enjoy freedom under a world government is dubious. A single government at the international level can hardly be conducive to the enjoyment of individual freedom, nor is it conducive to the promotion of community values. It is also in direct confrontation with a liberal pragmatic way of establishing the desired order through pluralistic means by a slow process. The question of “how we will get there from here” has not been deeply thought by the world governmentalists; and as this question has been answered so far, it has a utopian character either by the consent, by conquest, or by the people’s initiative.

Collective security prescribes a partially centralized system for the management of power. Although, states still possess the means of power, resort to force is regulated by a central agency, which is a general international organization such as the League of Nations or the United Nations. Second, in this agenda, aggression would be deterred not by an equilibrium of power but by a preponderance. As such, collective security holds that most, if not all, states must remain committed to the system to deter the potential aggressor, and, when needed, participate in collective actions to punish the aggressor. Third, although collective security prescribes imposing on the aggressor moral, diplomatic, and economic sanctions, its credibility as a deterrent relies ultimately on military sanction. Fourth, collective security is a “one for all, all for one” scheme in that states are believed to be committed to deter and punish the aggressor, regardless of their own identities and the aggressor’s identity; put differently, states are supposed not to discriminate between friends and foes. Finally, related to the fourth point, collective security opposes the alliance-building policy, and it rather prescribes a universal alliance. The correct option is E.

The concept of self-help system refers to a system in which states' foremost concern must be with survival. The correct answer is E. 

The perfect example of the 18th century Congress System is the Utrecht Congress, which convened in 1713 to end the War of the Spanish Succession. Regardless of their size or strength, all the European sovereign states were represented at the Congress. They negotiated for the finest “peace” that they could get at the table. The congress aimed to optimize the European political map and the political system to satisfy the interests of every state represented.

Anarchy means the lack of an overarching authority above states in the international system. Correct answer is A.

In coercive leadership model, the hegemon not only provides international public goods but also forces subordinate
states to share the burden of providing the public goods and sustaining the international order. The correct answer is C.

Robert Gilpin defines a hegemon as a state that is “politically the most powerful and economically the most efficient”. The correct answer is E. 

Can we mention various types of power in international politics? Joseph Nye, for example, has classified power as “soft power,” “hard power,” and “smart power.” Hard power is the use of coercion and payment; soft power is the ability to obtain preferred outcomes through attraction; smart power is the combination of the tools of both hard power and soft power (2009: 160). Accordingly, for Joseph Nye, there are three ways for an actor to affect the behavior of others to get what it wants: coercion, payment, and attraction.

Human Rights Watch is one of the influential NGOs in shaping international public opinion, particularly with regard to human rights violations around the word. For instance, the NGO has issued a report on the life-threatening conditions of migrant construction workers building stadiums for the 2022 World Cup in Qatar. Human Rights Watch also work for promoting accountability for gross human rights violations during conflicts. In Syria, the organization has been calling on the international community to identify the bodies in mass graves left by the ISIS

The UN Charter describes the four pillars of the UN as floows:
• Peace and Security
• Human Rights
• The Rule of Law
• Development

According to most scholars, a system with a clearly preponderant state (a hegemon) would be both politically and economically stable. Because such a hegemonic state, also with an interest in cooperating with other actors, can solve collective action problems through providing public goods and facilitating international cooperation. This theory, in fact, is known as the hegemonic stability theory (HST). It establishes a theoretical link between hegemony and systemic stability and attracts a great deal of attention from IR scholars. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The League of Nations, established after the end of World War I, had a huge impact on the creation of the UN. In fact, the UN can be defined as “a child of the League of Nations” (Alger, 1995:4). The League provided a model for the normative and institutional structure of the UN. It is a fact that the UN derived important organizational features from the League such as the Secretariat and Assembly.

Civil society is a public space in which autonomous groups and associations operate independently from governments

Think tanks are organizations that promote new ideas, conduct research, and lobby governments about various topics including politics, foreign policy, military and defense issues, social and cultural problems, and the economy.

The most significant outcome of the Congress of Vienna was the creation of a new diplomatic and political system in Europe, which is referred to as the Concert of Europe. 

Hegemony has been defined as “the leadership of one state over other states in the system”. The correct answer is C.

Public goods: Paul Samuelson defines a public good as one “which all enjoy in common in the sense that each individual’s consumption of such a good leads to no subtraction from any other individual’s consumption of that good". Therefore, the correct option is C.