The concept of governance refers to sustaining coordination and coherence among a wide range of actors with different aims and objectives.

The World Bank and the IMF are designed as part of the UN system. These institutions are specialized agencies under the UN system. The IMF and the World Bank Group (including IBRD, International Development Association, and International Finance Corporation) remain among eighteen specialized agencies. However, the World Bank and the IMF are funded and governed independently of the UN system. The UN has no direct discretionary authority over the World Bank or the IMF that are governed by representatives of their member states. The policies of the two loaning institutions have often come under severe criticism on the grounds that these policies conflict with the humanitarian goals of the broader UN system. 

The correct answer is E. 

A truth commission is a temporary, nonjudicial body that investigates past human rights violation committed over a period of time. Truth commissions engage with victims, survivors, and perpetrators and aim to produce a final report on the patterns of human rights abuses. They are often authorized by a state.  The correct answer is A. 

The Concert Sytem emerged in 1815 that created several intergovernmental mechanisms for international cooperation and collaboration

Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill agreed at the Yalta Conference, held in February 1945, that the permanent members would have a veto right in the Security Council, particularly on substantive issues such as enforcement actions in case of threats to peace and acts of aggression. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

These global civil society organizations are called transnational networks (such as International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, Center for Individual
Rights, International Women’s Tribune Center, Earth Rights International) or transnational nonstate actors, since they mobilize international movements and establish civil structures that are independent from governments.

The UN has put more emphasis on the economic and social progress of nations than the League, because the Great Depression of the late 1920s was considered the root cause of World War II.

Secretariat, which consists of a Secretary-General and thousands of international civil servants responsible for the day-to-day activities of the organization at the UN headquarters in New York as well as its regional offices around the world. Unlike the General Assembly, the UNSC or ECOSOC, the Secretariat is not constituted of delegates that represent member states.

According to Rod Rhodes (1996: 653), the concept of governance refers to: • Collective governance, • New public management, • Good governance, • Interdependency, • Socio-cybernetic systems, • New political economy, • Networks.

Import substitution industrialization is a development strategy focusing on promoting domestic production of previously imported goods to foster industrialization. The correct is C. 

The ICJ is one of the principal organs of the UN. Located in The Hague (La Haye), the ICJ is the judicial arm of the organization. The previous Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) formed the institutional foundations of the ICJ. Nevertheless, there are significant differences between the two courts. First, even though their statutes are identical, unlike the PCIJ, the Statute of the ICJ is integral to the UN Charter. Second, whereas the PCIJ and its membership were independent of the League, all UN members are automatically parties to the Statute of the ICJ. The ICJ consists of fifteen judges co-elected bythe General Assembly and Security Council for a nine-year term. One-third of the judges are elected every three years, and they may be reelected.Judges must possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial institutions in their home country or must show competence in international law. Each judge must have a different nationality; together they represent the major legal systems of the world.

“NGOs that are accredited with ECOSOC can participate in many events, including, but not limited to regular sessions of ECOSOC, its functional commissions and its other subsidiary bodies. They may:

• Attend official meetings;

• Submit written statements prior to sessions;

• Make oral statements;

• Meet official government delegations, UN officers and other NGO representatives;

• Organize and attend parallel events that take place during the session;

• Participate in debates, interactive dialogues and panel discussions” (www.un.org).

The correct answer is A. 

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) has been the main entry point into the UN system for NGOs. ECOSOC remains the only main UN body with a formal framework for NGO participation.

The main goal of transnational networks is to influence and change the behavior of states and international organizations in their issue areas.

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) is an example for UN activities in addressing social problems. It simply aims helping children. Therefore, the correct answer is E. 

Human security refers to an approach to assist UN member states in identifying and addressing widespread and cross-cutting challenges to the survival, livelihood, and dignity of their people. The correct answer is B. 

Hard power is the use of coercion and payment; soft power is the ability to obtain
preferred outcomes through attraction; smart power is the combination of the tools of both hard
power and soft power (2009: 160). Accordingly, for Joseph Nye, there are three ways for an actor to
affect the behavior of others to get what it wants: coercion, payment, and attraction.

The ICJ is one of the principal organs of the UN. Located in The Hague (La Haye), the ICJ is the judicial arm of the organization.

Başlar has developed the most comprehensive definition of international nongovernmental organizations and identified their basic characteristics as follows:

• International NGOs emerged as a result of carrying individual and group interests beyond the state borders.

• International NGOs are not founded by states or intergovernmental organizations.

• International NGOs are constituted by natural or legal persons with voluntary membership.

• Through their activities, international NGOs are able to play roles in international relations. Their members have independent voting rights.

• International NGOs have a permanent and institutionalized administrative structure with full-time personnel, an organization scheme, and a headquarter in a specific location.

• International NGOs have a democratically accepted charter that is prepared by a representative body, an autonomous decision-making mechanism independent from government policies, and financial resources that are totally or largely independent from central governments.

• International NGOs do not engage in a partisan behavior.

• International NGOs have organizational structures in more than two countries.

• International NGOs adopt the objective of the United Nations as their own principles, and they aim to realize policies that will improve people’s quality of life, serve for the common good of humanity, and help disadvantageous people.

• International NGOs do not use violence.

• The primary aim of International NGOs is not to obtain profits.

• International NGOs are social institutions that possess legal personality.

• International NGOs respect the principle of non-interference in domestic affairs of states.

Therefore, the correct option is C.