The internationalization of human rights is the result of a long period of time. In this context, the first transnational attempts are some regulations concerning the law of war. Some efforts to tackle intergovernmental relations through international legal arrangements and organizations have been shaped by The Hague Conventions and the Geneva Protocol. Undoubtedly, all these arrangements served as an important cornerstone in the formation of the law of war. With these arrangements, it was aimed to protect the civilians and rules to be followed in the war based on the jus in bello principle within the framework of just war theory (Abele 2011; Brown 2006, 694; Nabulsi 1999, 25). 

option A liberalism

Option B functionalism

Option C neofunctionalism

Option E transactionalism

During the WW1, in the year 1917; Bolsheviks took the Czar down and started to establish a communist regime. Bolshevik is the name of faction in Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in early 20th century, literally meaning “one of the majority”. Bolsheviks have struggled with Mensheviks in the party. Bolsheviks became dominant component of the party and led the revolution of 1917 under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the founding leader of Soviet Union.

The early debate on regionalism in the 1960s and 1970s was always focused on the European integration process.

With alliance of Britain, United Provinces (Netherlands), Portugal, and Sardinia, the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) signed during the last period of the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1714) prevented the rising influence of the French Empire on Europe.

According to this definition by Brown (2007), “federalism is a system of government in which authority is constitutionally divided between central and regional governments. Many experts who study federalism see regionalism expressed in direct, political, geographically-specific ways before it can potentially take on constitutional significance. This is true at subnational, supranational and trans-national levels alike (Brown, 2007: 13, 14).

At the Congress of Vienna (November 1814 – June 1815), after the defeat of France, the future of Europe and the order of post-war period were negotiated

Except for the option E, the rest are characteristics of the bourgeoisie

First of all; while region refers to a defined and clear area in one geographic space where boundaries are lined; with reference to Frost, regionalism expresses a political movement which is based on awareness of and loyalty to a region, combined with dedication to a region-wide agenda of some kind in the second phase. The suffix (“-ism”) in the word of regionalism suggests a conscious set of related ideas or ideology that is capable of forming the basis of a political movement or an intellectual trend. It implies a coordinated action on the part of governments based on some vision or set of ideas (Frost, 2008: 15). Thirdly; regionalization can be defined as the formation or realignment of transactions and attitudes along regional lines. It is in some way “a manifestation of globalization”. According to Frost, “regionalization is driven, brokered, and carried out primarily by private individuals acting on their own. Real-life integration requires people-employees of multinational corporations, small-scale traders, representatives of civil society organizations, and many others”. 

Regimes are defined by Keohane as the consequences of contacts that lead to convergence among rational actors on certain issues. Thus, the correct answer is A.

Some of the most important dimensions of regionalism can be stated as security, economic, social, and environmental (Söderbaum and Granit, 2014: 18-19).

However, human rights gain its present meaning throughout the modern times. It is the result of a nearly three centuries of struggle that started with the English Revolution and continued with the American and French Revolutions. 

Belgium, along with France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, is among the six founding countries of the European Union.

option E is (Actor) one of the major roles, not function, international organization generally plays

Table 3.2 List of Regional Organizations According to Population and Functions

In spite of all these steps, the geostrategic necessities of the bipolar world during the Cold War prevented international initiatives on human rights from being effectively put in place. In other words, the overriding of security in the security-freedom balance prevented to take steps in the name of liberties in these years. However, it is possible to talk about some exceptional initiatives as a product of the détente period during the Cold War. In this context, a move that needs to be underlined has been the Helsinki Final Act which includes regulations about human rights, and to which Soviet and the US are involved as parties.

In addition to Judge, Michael Wallace and David Singer (1970, 245-246) list three main criteria for an entity to be qualified as an international organization:

• The organization ‘must consist of at least two qualified members of the international system’.
• The organization must hold more or less regular plenary sessions at intervals not greater than once a decade.
• The organization should have a permanent secretariat with a permanent headquarter arrangement and which performs ongoing tasks. 

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), as a political regional organization, is the second largest inter-governmental organization after the United Nations with its membership of 57 states that spread over four continents.

While the term of region has been typically defined “as geographically proximate and interdependent states” and the term of regionalism “as attempts at formal cooperation between such states”, it is evident that for many scholars who study on the subject of region and regionalism “these definitions are today too narrow”. The resurrection and re-definition of ‘regionalism’ are among the prominent trends in the international studies of the present times. Regionalism has been brought back into the academic studies as well as the policy debates after some decades of neglect.

The rules are formulated by unanimous or near-unanimous consensus of members.