During 1960s and 70s, Third World countries utilized the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) as a forum at which they could articulate their trade and economic demands.

The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) signed during the last period of the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1714), was a cornerstone of this determination of making the order permanent. The treaty prevented rising influence of the French Empire on Europe, with alliance of Britain, United Provinces (Netherlands), Portugal, and Sardinia. 

In World War I, the Allied Powers are France, United Kingdom, Russia, Serbia, Belgium, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Romania, China, United States, Greece, etc.; Central Powers: German Empire, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria.

Realists grant a marginal role to the international organizations. For Realist thinkers, states are principal international actors, and international organizations (for them, it refers to intergovernmental organizations not international non-governmental organizations) only matters if they serve interests of states.

The central node of Multicentric phase is the Atlantic expansion. The dynamics are triangular trade and Americas. The start time is 1500.

International organizations can act as agencies of socialization in international
system. For instance, the EU through its institutions such as the Commission, the Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, the Parliament and the Court of Justice, can foster a ‘Community spirit’ among the various interest groups dealing with the Union and among the citizens of the member countries

NATO’s purpose is to guarantee the freedom and security of its members through political and military means, and in security. NATO politically promotes democratic values and enables members to consult and cooperate on defence and security-related issues to build trust, solve problems, and prevent conflict in the long run. NATO militarily is committed to a peaceful resolution of disputes in international relations.

Regional cooperation is formed to achieve an effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all. It is formed by developing and committing to coordinated regional or sub-regional policies and strategies. It requires voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation; services are mainly funded and delivered nationally.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are units of people who came together voluntarily toward a specified objective without a citizenship restriction acting with the aim of protecting human rights issues. These organizations include Amnesty International, Freedom House and Human Rights Watch and Doctors Without Borders. The option C is not correct in the sense that The Criminal Court of Justice is not a member of non-governmental organizations but it is an international human rights organization.

Roles of International Organizations in International Politics

International organization generally plays three major roles in international politics: instrument, arena and actor.

Instrument: International organizations are generally being used as an instrument by its members for particular ends. This is particularly the case with intergovernmental organizations where sovereign states are members, because they have the power to constrain international organizations from acting independently (Archer, 2001: 68). The depiction of international organizations as instruments of its members is close to Realist and Neo-realist conception of international organizations, which puts forward that international organizations are not more than sum of its constituent parts, which are states. International organizations are not superior authorities over its member states, indeed they are just instruments used by member states for gaining their foreign policy objectives. As an example for this, the United Nations (UN) in its first eight years of existence was often used by the US for pursuing its foreign policy objectives thanks to favourable majority consisting of the West European, Old Commonwealth and Latin American states in the General Assembly (thirty-four out of the original fifty-one members), on a majority in the Security Council only attenuated by the Soviet veto, and a Secretary-General with clear pro-Western sympathies (Archer, 2001: 69). As the number of UN members expanded and varied, the US lost such a control over the UN. In the same way, NATO has been used by the US as an instrument of pursuing its foreign policy thanks to its overwhelming military and political clout in the organization. Member states’ delegation of limited powers to international organizations makes them ‘nothing else and nothing more than a set of mutual promises of coordinated and synchronized national policy action’. 

Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crime of aggression are the four areas over which the founding Treaty grants the International Criminal Court jurisdiction.  Religious crimes are not one of these areas.

For Camroux, regionalisation can be defined as akin to “nation-building”, and “regionalism” can be defined as a process of “identity” construction akin to “nationalism”.

Realists grant a marginal role to the international organizations. For Realist thinkers, states are principal international actors, and international organizations (for them, it refers to intergovernmental organizations not international non-governmental organizations) only matters if they serve interests of states

The rise of new intellectual values of the Enlightenment Age, the economic crisis and the concomitant heavy tax burden on the ordinary people after the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), and the demand of participation in political decision making processes by newly emerged socio-economic classes all led France into turmoil by objecting Old Regime (Ancien Régime). The earlier aspects of the Old Regime such as feudality, nobility, patrimonialism and monarchy started to be questioned (Furet, 1996, pp. 3-40).

Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

The Vienna Declaration on Human Rights realized at the World Conference on Human Rights (1993) is important because apart from the fact that the first comprehensive debate within the framework of relativity-universality debate was conducted here, the role of rights in the development of economy has been discussed as well (Brown 2006, 700; Freeman 2012, 55; Patricia 1993, 218).

According to the “Framework for Pacific Regionalism”, for harmonisation, legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives are all required.

International organizations are suggested cover their operations in at least 2 or 3 countries.

Thus, Mooney & Evans (2007) promote the ambiguous character of the concept and emphasize that “ (…) globalization concerns a field of inquiry defined more by the questions it asks and its object of study: the world as a whole and parts of it in relation to this whole.” 

The European Union is a regional political organization.