In 1492, with the expedition of Christopher Columbus to India through western route practiced for the first time, sponsored by Isabella I of Castile, “The Age of Discovery” emerged.

For Lombaerde, neofunctionalism came under critique by intergovermentalism.

Although some communities had started agriculture, the majority kept their livestock in a nomadic manner since their geographical conditions were not favourable. The antique empires such as Macedonian, Persian, Rome, Mongols and the Seljukians, through healthy designed and functioning civilian and military bureaucracy of their era, reached enormous capacity to spread across many different continents with their cultural influence as well. Social and cultural aspects of the earlier hegemonic powers of their age commonly held by local authorities and people through some variations. Especially, religions such as Christianity and Islam spread fast and were adopted by masses.

The weakening temporal power of the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire demonstrated the difficulties of unifying such a diverse geographical area as the continent of Europe, even when the continent was under the threat of the Ottoman Empire. Thirty Years War ended the idea of a unified Christian Europe. The Peace of Westphalia and then the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, concluding the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14), laid the ground for the establishment of a sovereign state system in Europe.

In the post-1990 world, the concept of human rights has become one of the most controversial topics. 

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was founded in 1949.

They emphasize the freedom of personal immunity (the restrictions of personal immunity)

They emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities (positive status rights)

They emphasize to strengthen social and economic conditions (positive status rights)

They guarantee the extension of the rights to vote and to be elected (active status rights)

The concept of region also shows macro-regions (regions of the world), which are larger territorial (in contrast to non-territorial) units or sub-systems, between the state and the level of global system

The Renaissance precipitated the Age of Enlightenment (17th-18th centuries) in various countries of Europe such as France, Scotland, Germany, and also in America. The values like liberty, separation of church and state, tolerance and scientific research became the characteristics of this new age.

Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

The Human Right Council is among the charter-based bodies that support OHCHR.

The charter-based bodies that support the OHCHR are Human Right Council, Universal Periodic Review, Commission on Human Rights, Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council, and Human Rights Council Complaint Procedure.

Territorial integrity principle created a European order, a balance of power within the continent not allowing any kingdom to be more powerful through complex alliance systems.

The Council of Europe (CE) is listed among the Regional Political Organizations

Regional Security Organizations are North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), European Union (EU), Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), African Union (AU), League of Arab States (AL), The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Council of Europe is among the regional political organizations.

The Hague Peace Conferences took place in 1888 and 1907.

In 1488, Portuguese sailor Bartolomeu Dias reached the southern point of Africa called Cape of
Good Hope (Cabo da Boa Esperança). Then, other Portuguese sailors reached other coasts of East Africa. This oceanic breakthrough led a new network of relations among three continents, Europe, America, and Africa.

The Concert of Europe was established in the post-Vienna congress era to maintain peace and security in Europe. It did not take place regularly and was not an international organization. It ended with the Crimean War.

Except for option E, the rest are related to the role of arena

LeRoy Bennett and James K. Oliver (2002: 2) identified common and constitutive characteristics of International Organizations as:

• A permanent organization to carry on a continuing set of functions;
• Voluntary membership of eligible parties;
• A basic instrument (a founding document or charter) stating goals, structure and methods of operation;
• A broadly representative consultative conference organ;
• A permanent secretariat to carry on continuous administrative, research and information functions. 

The Age of Discovery led to a world in which foreign trade and colonialism became the main dynamics.