The single function of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization is security.

The other organizations have more than 1 function.

The English School initially led by Bull, Watson, and Vincent shares some principles with Realism and Constructivist Theory and seeks a position between the concepts of justice and order. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Anthony Judge lists eight criteria in terms of aims, membership, structure, officers, finance, relations with other organizations, activities and other criteria, for an entity to be qualified as an international organization. 

The UN based on criteria of international assembly. Each nation had a chair in UN General Assembly. Although Security Council, composed of fifteen members five of whom have permanent seats to generate a problematic issue about democracy of the Council; UN is still the most inclusive organization. It does not only regulate political sphere of the world, but also economic, social, and cultural fields with its funds, programmes and specialized agents. 

Clive Archer (2001: 33) defined international organization as “a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership”.

An international organization in different times and settings can play all three roles. For instance, the UN has played, and continues to play, each role in different times. While the instrument role was dominant in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the actor capacity was prominent during Dag Hammarskjold’s term as Secretary-General, and the role as a forum coming to the front since the 1960s with the increase in membership and the new demands of the Third World (Archer, 2001:91).

Issues such as the responsibilities of the international community and how the boundaries between respect for sovereignty and the responsibility to protect should be drawn are just a few issues that are on the agenda today. In addition to this, different theorists of International Relations have analyzed human rights in different forms. In this context, for example, some theories, especially normative, liberal, English school and constructivist approaches to IR, emphasize the importance of human rights in international politics while realist theories ignore human rights. 

This social class lived in poor conditions and worked for low wages.

LeRoy Bennett and James K. Oliver (2002: 2) identified common and constitutive characteristics of International Organizations as:
• A permanent organization to carry on a continuing set of functions;
• Voluntary membership of eligible parties;
• A basic instrument (a founding document or charter) stating goals, structure and methods of operation;
• A broadly representative consultative conference organ;
• A permanent secretariat to carry on continuous administrative, research and information functions.

The United Nations and The Council of Europe are international organizations. Freedom House, Amnesty International and The Human Rights Watch are the non-governmental organizations. Different from the other non-governmental organizations, it is the Freedom House that possesses all these features indicated above in the question. Thus, the correct answer is B.

English Enlightenment and, especially, John Locke, have an undeniable value in terms of liberal human rights, which is worth to mention here (Brown 2006, 693; Clapham 2007, 6-10; James 2007, 14-16; Vincent 2010, 44-45; Freeman 2012, 20-22). According to him, people have inherent natural rights that they acquire at their birth. These fundamental rights, which are also the core of the current liberal doctrine, are “life, liberty and property” (Heywood 2012, 44).

A from Africa to America

B from America to Europe

C from America to Europe

E from America to Europe

Realism: Realists grant a marginal role to the international organizations. For Realist thinkers, states are principal international actors, and international organizations (for them, it refers to intergovernmental organizations not international non-governmental organizations) only matters if they serve interests of states. According Realist thinkers, international politics have an anarchic structure in which there is no common authority over and above the sovereign state, or a lack of government at the international level. Realists claim that in anarchic international system, states cannot trust each other and they always fear of cheating and thus this makes interstate cooperation difficult to achieve. For Realists, main motivation of states in anarchic international system is survival, i.e. preserving the existence of the state, because of this, states cannot rely on other states or international organizations for their defence and must rely on its own resources for survival, which is called as self-help. Realists claim that international organizations are just instruments used by states in their quest for power and interest. Realists also believe that another factor which makes interstate cooperation difficult to achieve is that states are preoccupied with making relative gains (improvements in a state’s position relative to other states). 

Indeed, the main reason to start with the UN as a significant international organization for the issue of human rights is the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR)”. As it is evident from its name, the Declaration ensures the protection of human rights universally, in other words, it includes common principles to be achieved universally by the humanity. These principles are generally indicated under the preamble of the UNDHR. 

Although the foundation of international organizations was built in ancient times, the organizations themselves did not emerge until the 19th century, when four pre-conditions were met:

• the existence of a number of states functioning as independent political units;
• the existence of a substantial measure of contact between these states;
• an awareness of problems that arise from states’ co-existence;
• state’s recognition of ‘the need for creation of institutional devices and systematic methods for regulating their relations with each other’. 

The ECSC, which was established by the Treaty of Paris in 1951, established a High Authority having a supranational authority whose members, although appointed by the six ECSC states, were to act independently of national governments and in the interest of the Community as a whole could act independently of the member governments.

One can clearly underline that globalization is essentially the historical transformation of the world especially visible in social, political, economic and cultural terms. Globalization is thus used to describe transformations proliferating all kinds of communication among people living in many different regions of the world.

United Nations (UN) was founded during 1945. But during WW2, Allied Big Four (China, USA, USSR, UK) accepted the document of Declaration by United Nations in 1942.The UN based on criteria of international assembly. Each nation had a chair in UN General Assembly. Although Security Council, composed of fifteen members five of whom have permanent seats to generate a problematic issue about democracy of the Council; UN is still the most inclusive organization.

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), as a political regional organization, is the second largest inter-governmental organization after the United Nations with its membership of 57 states that spread over four continents. The OIC is the collective voice of the Muslim world. It endeavours to protect the interests of the Muslim world within the spirit of promoting international peace, welfare, and harmony among the peoples of the world.

B definition made by Held&McGrew

C and E definitions made by Mooney&Evans

D definition made by Pieterse