Venezuela was listed as one of the “the axis of evil states”.

The World Conference on Human Rights, held in Vienna in 1993, emphasized issues such as the universal issue of human rights, the indivisibility of rights and women’s rights, as well as being a first conference in the post-Cold War era.

Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme was based on the slave trade from Africa to America; sugar, tobacco and cotton from America to Europe; textiles, rum and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa. (Curtin, 1969; Rodney, 1981; Thornton, 1992).

Enrichment of Europe and technological improvements led to the Industrial Revolution. This new type of production accelerated labour markets, augmented industrial city life, and also increased military expenditures with the newly emerging heavy military technology.

21st Century globalization starts as 2000 in the central node of East Asia, BRICS, emerging societies, petro-economies. The dynamics are New geography of trade and global rebalancing.

The Thirty Years’ War started as a conflict between Protestant and Catholic principalities

Furthermore, historically religion has always been an important element of legitimization among people. So, hegemonic cultural motives were tailored as common value sets of the pre-modern empires in the name of legitimacy before their peoples as well.

The International Working Group was establishd in 1919.

The UN was established in 1945.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was announced in 1948.

The Council of Europe was founded in 1949.

The International Criminal  Court was created in 1998.

Human Rights Watch was established in 1978.

Theoretical approaches to international organizations are classified under two main categories: Traditional Approaches to International Organizations and Revisionist Approaches to International Organizations. Traditional approaches include Realism and Liberalism. Revisionist approaches, including Functionalism, Neo-functionalism and Transactionalism go beyond the state-centric approach and examine international organizations as significant actors beside states. These are mostly known as international integration theories. 

The idea of APEC was firstly publicly broached by Bob Hawke -Former Prime Minister of Australia- during a speech in Korea on 31 January 1989. Ten months later, 12 Asia-Pacific economies met in Canberra (Australia) to establish APEC. The founding members were Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, and the United States.

One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification of negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights can be roughly described as follows: Negative status rights emphasize the restrictions of states and personal immunity. In other words, the conceptualization of negative rights, which point to a protected area in which states could not intervene in any way, constituted the basis for preventing the state’s tyranny. Positive status rights, on the other hand, emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities and to strengthen social and economic conditions. In short, the socalled positive rights entitle the state to create an environment in which individuals can live a life that suits human dignity and prevents them from falling into poverty. On the other hand, the third group of rights, active status rights, includes both the guarantee and the extension of the rights to vote and to be elected. In other words, these are the rights that enable political participation (Alexy 2010, 163-173; Gözler 2004, 149-150).

Functions of International Organizations

There are nine major functions that all international organizations carry out: interest articulation and aggregation, normative, recruitment, socialization, rule making, rule application, rule adjudication, information, operations. 

Since having found a seat in dictionaries of the early 1960s, globalization is a relatively new concept. 

Normative Theory centres on what ‘ought to be done’ and suggests a reading of values by the use of non-positivist and non-empirical approaches to international relations. The correct option is A.

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) came into effect in 1994, creating one of the world’s largest free trade zones and laying the foundations for strong economic growth and rising prosperity for the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Since then, NAFTA has demonstrated how free trade increases wealth and competitiveness, delivering real benefits to workers, families, farmers, manufacturers, and consumers.

Economic integration requires legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation.

For example, the European Union effectively implements this principle in the process of membership, while encouraging candidate members to take steps in line with democratization and human rights. 

Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme was based on the slave trade from Africa to America; sugar, tobacco and cotton from America to Europe; textiles, rum and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa. 

Unlike realists, who try to read international relations from a perspective of power and security, liberals question the possibilities of cooperation in international relations (Jackson and Sørensen 2010, 96). Liberal theorists, also, emphasize that different entities, including international organizations and non-governmental organizations, are influential at certain levels in the decision-making process of governments. In particular, the emphasis on international organizations is that they are dialogue spaces where misunderstandings are abolished in one way, and the other is that they are the mechanisms that enable the harmonization of interstate interests (Keohane and Martin 1995, 41-42). In this framework, it will be possible for human rights to meet at the level of the state community, largely through the efforts of international institutions. In general, regulations in international institutions result in the emergence of international regimes in the long run. As Keohane describes, regimes are the consequences of contacts that lead to convergence among rational actors on certain issues (Keohane, 2009). Human rights regimes, which are becoming widespread and have a common will to overcome human rights violations, should be considered in this context (Donnelly 1986; Moravcsik 1995; Moravcsik 2000). A more indirect relationship between liberalism and human rights can be established within the framework of democratic peace theology of liberal theory. As a matter of fact, the reluctance of democracies to use force in internal politics, as it is in international politics, is often emphasized. So much so that a broad empirical literature has been built on the sensitivity democracies have in protecting human rights (Davenport 1999; Davenport 2007).