The US and the USSR signed the Non-proliferation Treaty in 1968 and it came into effect in 1970.

Clive Archer (2001: 33) defined international organization as “a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership”

According to Terriff, Positivism shows four connected characteristics in social sciences. First, “there is an objective truth that can be discovered.” Second, “the means of discovering that truth is reason and there is only one correct form of reasoning”. Third, “the tool of reasoning is empiricism, which enables the analyst to test propositions”. Fourth, “there can be a distinction between observer and observed”. The post-positivists argue that there is no distinction between observer and observed.

Globalization can be described, in its narrow definition, in terms of economics as “an increasing internationalisation of markets for goods and services, the means of production, financial systems, competition, corporations, technology and industries” (UNSTATS, 2002, p. 170).

Realism points out that international system is anarchic. Realism is a state-centric approach in international politics. Therefore, security in Realist thinking concentrates on state security with respect to its relations with other states in external arena.

Although some intergovernmental organizations are established by an intergovernmental agreement, they are given a separate capacity to act on the international scene by the sovereign will of their founders. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) are two examples. 

The anarcho-terrorism in Russia in the 19th century is widely regarded as the predecessor of many modern terrorist organizations. 

Culture, civilization and religion are among the factors that contribute to the formation of identity. Each has more than one definition and each can be regarded as components of both individual and communal identities.

Following the World War II, the world was theoretically seperated into two ideological camps named as the Western Bloc led by the United States of America (US) and the Eastern Bloc led by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). However, another classification in terms of their economic development divided the countries in the world into three groups: First World (Developed Western countries), Second World (Communist countries), Third World.
Within this context and under the shade of the harsh rivalry between the US and the USSR, it had become extremely important that which ideological camp the Third World countries would choose to be associated with.

While the vertical division line of the iron curtain symbolized the ideological differences between the West and the East, the horizontal division line
between the North and the South symbolized the differences in the level of development. 

Except for the option A, options B,C,D and E are all related to UN

The answer is E

The answer is A.

The answer is A.

The role of Interest articulation & aggregation is related with organizations coming together for realizing their common interests and voice their demands at an international level.

Identity, culture, and norms are the key concepts in the Constructivist readings that have brought new insights into the analyses of security in international politics.

The tragic incident of the 9/11 attacks carried out by Al-Qaeda and subsequent declaration of a “Global War on Terror” by the then US President George W. Bush resulted in a higher attention to the subject more than ever. Even though Al-Qaeda and ISIS/ISIL/DAESH are the two most “famous” examples of this category, various groups with different religious motivations resorted to terrorism over centuries.

Securitisation is a framework for security analysis developed by the Copenhagen School at the Conflict and Peace Research Institute in Copenhagen in the 1990s. The concept of the Securitisation, formulated in the works of Ole Waever, Barry Buzan and Jaap de Wilde, broadens content of security by including military and non-military fields into the security studies. 

Culture, civilization and religion are among the factors that contribute to the formation of identity.

State, individual, and group of individuals belonging to a specific nation, ethnicity, sect, or gender are considered as security subjects that varied opinions among politicians, academics, and experts put one or some or all as their priority to protect or concentrate on

There are various Critical theories or Critical approaches commonly used in the theoretical analyses in international relations, international politics and security studies. This makes the Critical approach heterogeneous reflecting various elements from the Critical security studies to Feminist and Postmodernist ones