Kyoto Protocol (1997): is the main international treaty on global warming, which entered into effect in 2005 and mandates cuts in carbon emissions in 2008–2012. Almost all the world’s major countries, except the United States, are participants. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Community security includes inter-ethnic, religious, and
other identity-based tensions.

G-7 has recognized the key role of the energy transition through the development of new markets for clean energy and through non-marketdistortive support measures. The enhancement of research and development of innovative technologies are crucial for the future, recognizing that both economic growth and environmental protection could be achieved. Therefore, the correct option is B.

In the first century A.D., the Zealots and its fanatic group the Sicarii, a Jewish sect, had undertaken terrorist acts- they are known as the first terrorist groups in history. Their fighting movement Zelaotry, which means conservatism and bigotry, is used to define any member (Zealot) and the movement itself of an ancient Jewish sect which aimed to struggle for Jewish world of theocracy and resistance to the Romans until 70 A.D. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Competition on resources brings with it some risks and threats such as terrorism, organized crime, migration, and refugee problem.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights: is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 that articulates “the rights and freedoms to which every human being is equally and inalienably entitled (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948: 6).

When states attempt to balance threats by an increase of their national capabilities, this is called internal balancing. Alternatively, when they try to balance against a prevailing threat by the establishment of informal or formal alliances with other states, this is known as external balancing (Grieco, 1997: 160).

Through internal and external efforts, a state can either increase its own capacity or impair that of its rival. While the former is called positive balancing, the latter is negative balancing (Steff and Khoo, 2014: 2227-228). One can make
another distinction between hard balancing and soft balancing. States use mainly their military and economic capacities in hard balancing, whereas soft balancing suggests the use of diplomatic and cultural means, which are the soft power resources (Fortmann, Paul and Wirtz, 2004: 362-365; Paul, 2004: 3; Pape, 2005: 9-10). 

Emerging markets is one of the current economic issues. The correct option is B.

Misgovernment is considered a cultural reason for terrorism. Loose democracy, poverty, wealth inequality, intellectual awakening or stimulation, and various other reasons such as joining a terrorist organization for adventure or financial motives are social-psychological reasons.

According to the Table 8.1, possible types of human security threats are as follows:

Economic security: Persistent poverty, unemployment

Food security: Hunger, famine

Health security: Deadly infectious diseases, unsafe food, malnutrition, lack of access to basic health care

Environmental security: Environmental degradation, resource depletion, natural disasters, pollution

Personal security: Physical violence, crime, terrorism, domestic violence, child labor

Community security: Inter-ethnic, religious and other identity based tensions

Political security: Political repression, human rights abuses.

Therefore, the correct option is D.

One may give the following possible scenarios in an attempt to better define and explain cyber terrorism:

• Blocking emergency communications or cutting off electricity or water in the wake of a conventional bombing or a biological, chemical, or radiation attack,

• Destroying the actual machinery of the information infrastructure,

• Disrupting the information technology underlying the internet, government computer networks, or critical civilian systems such as financial networks or mass media,

• Using computer networks to take over machines that control traffic lights, power plants, or dams in order to cause collateral damage,

• Stealing classified information, altering the content of web pages, disseminating false information, sabotaging operations, erasing data etc. in cyber milieu,

• Disrupting financial markets or media broadcasts, an attack could undermine confidence or cause panic such as breaching dams, colliding airplanes, shutting down the power grid etc., via remote control systems.

Therefore, the correct option is D.

The priorities of human security cover not only the military threats but also issues of non-military security such as health and economic development. In other words, human security is not an alternative to the state-centered security approach; it rather complements traditional security approach in the following four different ways (Human Security Now, 2003:4):
• “Its concern is the individual and the community rather than the state;
• Menaces to people’s security includethreats and conditions that have not always been classified as threats to state security;
• The range of actors is expanded beyond the state alone;
• Achieving human security includes not just protecting people but also empowering people to fend for themselves.”

Political repression and human rights abuses are categorized under political security.

Economic security - Persistent poverty, unemployment
Food security - Hunger, famine
Health security - Deadly infectious diseases, unsafe food, malnutrition, lack of access to basic health care
Environmental security - Environmental degradation, resource depletion, natural disasters, pollution
Personal security - Physical violence, crime, terrorism, domestic violence, child labor
Community security - Inter-ethnic, religious and other identity based tensions

The Cold War was the rivalry between the United States of America and the Soviet Union as well as between their respective allies from the end of the Second World War to 1989. This rivalry was based on the ideological difference between the two superpowers. It never escalated into an actual conflict; it was rather based on the use of political, economic, bureaucratic, and propaganda tools despite the existence of proxy wars such as the Korean War (1950-1953), the Vietnam War (1955-1975), and the SovietAfghan War (1979-1989). The Cold War came to an end with the collapse of Communist bloc in 1989 and the dissolution of the USSR in 1991(Dağ, 2005, 93).

Through the inquistion, those who were believed to have acted contrary to the doctrines of the Catholic Church were condemned as misbelievers. Then, they were first excommunicated and later transferred to the courts to ‘leave the world’. The method for ‘leaving the world’ included various forms of torture such as auto da-fe and drownings. The inquisition was revived and reinvented in the fight against the Protestants in the 16th century. The Spanish Inquisition also tested the sincerity of Christian converts. As a result, thousands of Jews and Muslims were burned to death.

NATO aims at guaranteeing the freedom and security of its members through political and military means. The rationale of NATO is to provide security for its members. Moreover, NATO works to promote democratic values and enables members to consult and cooperate on defense and security-related issues to solve problems, build trust and, in the long run, prevent conflict. NATO is committed to the peaceful resolution of disputes. If diplomatic efforts fail, it has the military power to undertake crisis-management operations. These are carried out under the collective defense clause of NATO’s founding treaty - Article 5 of the Washington Treaty or under a United-Nations mandate, alone or in cooperation with other countries and international organizations. Therefore, the correct option is C.