Crusaders are usually sacrificial, death attitude; blends politics and religion; seldom willing to negotiate; task-oriented and indifferent to risk; seeks publicity and larges group possible.

The evolution of human security can be analyzed in two separate periods, during the Cold War and in the post-Cold War era. The end of the Cold War changed the threat perception in international relations. The threat perception now encompasses non-military threats. Thus, the referent object of security is now not the state, but human beings. One can provide different reasons for this transformation; however, almost all scholars agree that since the end of Cold War, the state-centered threats lost their relative importance in the international system. The correct option is A.

Motive is the reason for the act that the perpetrator has, works to satify, and operates from. Instrument is the terror act itself. The  goal of terrorism refers to achieving a result such as killing and death. Intent refers to creating certain impact. Motive is something political and requires violent action. The threat of violence may suffice if perpetrators have already caused fear in the society through previous acts of violence.

After the foundation of the alliance in 1949, new allies joined NATO. Greece and Turkey became full members in 1952, and West Germany followed suit in 1955. In reaction to West Germany’s becoming a NATO member, the Soviet Union and its East European allies formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955. Therefore, the correct option is B.

In an entente, the signatories merely agree to consult one another in the event of a security-military threat. An example of an entente is the British-French Entente Cordiale of 1904. No firm commitment exists between the partners. Entente agreements are relatively flexible associations, and they make sense only if they serve the common interests of the partners. Secrecy, ideological issues etc. are well delineated in alliance treaties but not in ententes. Therefore, the correct option is D.

It is possible to classify ISS under two main approaches: Traditionalist and Critical. Militaryoriented and state-centered conception of Security Studies (SS) and Peace Research are classified under the traditionalist approach whereas the Feminist Security Studies, the Copenhagen School, Poststructuralism, and Constructivist Security Studies under the Critical approach.

Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is a norm based on states responsibility to protect their own citizens and the international community’s obligation to protect humans from serious violations such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.

In 1972, the Club of Rome released a report, Limits of Growth, in which it was suggested that if the then economic patterns continued, the world would soon experience an ecological disaster. Limits of Growth was the first report that has warned that humanity is on the verge of a global economic and ecological destruction. Limits of Growth has also laid the foundations of the concept of sustainable development, a concept which is now acknowledged all over the world and which for the first time brings together the issues of environment and national/international economy.

Apart from C, other options are possible threats to human security.

The first UN conference on the environment, which was accepted as the beginning of the international environmental policy, took place in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972.

There are four main components of food security. These are availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. Availability refers to whether food is physically available. In other words, it is related to the question of whether enough food is produced to meet the needs. The second dimension of food security is accessibility, which is the key issue when discussing food security. Utilization refers to food quality and nutritional content. This relates to health, HIV/AIDS, access to water and clean energy sources. FAO considers the principle of stability as the fourth dimension of food security. This principle is mostly related to the consequences of sudden shocks. The correct option is D.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs or MDG 8) are a long -and medium- term (to be achieved by 2015) development agenda approved by the UN General Assembly in December 2000. Their purpose was to inject renewed urgency into global development efforts by establishing challenging targets in each of the key human development areas.

Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education

Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women 

Goal 4 Reduce child mortality 

Goal 5 Improve maternal health

Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability

Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development 

While negative peace is related to the traditional security approach that is based on the
absence of war between two states, positive peace refers to the establishment of a socially just system by taking into consideration all dimensions of human security.

Soon after the Second World War had ended, several disagreements emerged among the allied powers of the war, namely the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. Especially, they failed to reach an agreement on the post-war international order. The Soviet Union started to dominate Eastern Europe by imposing socialist ideology on the regional powers and expanded its sphere of influence. This was opposed, however, by the Western powers, including the US. As a result, the US decided to form an alliance to minimize the Soviet influence in Europe and get prepared for a possible attack by the socialist/communist states. Therefore, the correct option is E.

The Non-Aligned Movement is an organization created by 29 Asian and African former colonial countries in Bandung/Indonesia in 1955. All these countries strived to follow an independent foreign policy from both NATO and the Warsaw Pact and supported the independence movements. They followed an agenda for economic development, disarmament, and economic inequality between countries. The correct option is C.

The efforts to justify the emergence of political terrorism
on the basis of specific socio-economic conditions
or psychopathology are doomed to failure. Because,
while political terrorism is an act of certain minority
groups, a significant fraction of terrorists are wealthy
or spoiled persons