A Nonaggression pact is an alliance whose signatories pledge not to resort to military action against other pact signatories. An example of a non-aggression treaty is the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939 between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany during World War II. Therefore, the correct option is A.

In 1989, with the end of the Cold War, we witnessed a paradigm shift in the theories of international relations. For example, Francis Fukuyama considered the end of the Cold War as the end of history and the end of ideologies, except liberalism. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Misgovernment: According to the the United Nations, the basic features of good governance are political participation, rule of law, transparency, accountability, equality and inclusion, responsibility, effectiveness and efficiency, and consensus-orientedness.Therefore, one may regard misgovernment as the opposite of “good governance.” Misgovernment, then, refers to an arbitrary and autocratic rule- not a constitutional state but a law state that is divorced from merit, accountability, and transparency. Therefore, the correct option is D.

The Secretary General is the Alliance’s top international civil servant. He/she is responsible for steering the process of consultation and decisionmaking within the Alliance and ensuring that decisions are implemented.

Intellectual awakening/intellectual stimulation, misgovernment, loose democracy, poverty, Wealth inequality, ignorance are objective reasons of terrorism. 

The interveners have the following options:

1. Preventive diplomacy

2. Conflict management or peacekeeping

3. Peacemaking

4. Peacebuilding or conflict transformation

The 1994 Human Development Report reflects the multidimensional aspect of human security under seven main domains: economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security, and political security.

Wartime alliances are, in fact, generally established in peacetime to prevent, or prevail in, a possible future war.

Peacetime alliances are just formal or informal agreements between two or more states intended to further the national security of the participating states, operating when the signatories are not at war. If war begins and the alliance does not dissolve, it turns into a wartime alliance.

A defense pact requires its signatories to intervene with military force on behalf of any alliance partner(s) engaged in armed hostilities.

A Nonaggression pact is an alliance whose signatories pledge not to resort to military action against other pact signatories.

A neutrality pact includes a promise to avoid supporting another country, which may act against the interests of any of the pact signatories.

The broader view was embraced in the 1994 Human Development Report under seven main domains: economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security, and political security. The correct option is D.

During the heyday of the Cold War (roughly between 1949 and 1962), NATO followed the strategic doctrine of Massive Retaliation. According to which, if a power (read it as the Soviet Union) launches an attack on the alliance members, NATO would respond with nuclear weapons, no matter what the nature of the first attack was. Scholars and NATO officials claimed that the strategy of Massive Retaliation allowed the members of the alliance to focus their energies on economic growth rather than on maintaining large conventional armies.

Domestic - by residents of a country within that country
International - by representatives of a country against another country
Non-state - extremism and revolution for its own sake
State-sponsored - by a government against its own people or in support of international terrorism against another government
Internecine - conflict that spills over into another country or fought on foreign soil

THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, 2000.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs or MDG 8) are a long -and medium- term (to be achieved by 2015) development agenda approved by the UN General Assembly in December 2000. Their purpose was to inject renewed urgency into global development efforts by establishing challenging targets in each of the key human development areas.

Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Targets: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day; and halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.

Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education Target: Ensure that by 2015, children everywhere – boys and girls – will be able to complete primary schooling.

Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women Target: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary schools by 2005, and all levels of education by 2015.

Goal 4 Reduce child mortality Target: Reduce by two-thirds (1990–2015) the under-5 mortality rate.

Goal 5 Improve maternal health Target: Reduce by three-quarters (1990–2015) the maternal morbidity ratio.

Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Targets: Halt and begin to reverse spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015, and the incidence of malaria and other diseases.

Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability Targets: Integrate sustainable development principles; halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water; achieve a significant improvement in the lives of 100 million slum dwellers by 2020.

Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development Targets: Further develop a rule-based non-discriminatory financial and trading system; address needs of least developed countries, small island and landlocked states; make debt sustainable; employment for youths; access to medicines; share benefits of new information and communications technologies.

Therefore, the correct option is E.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): is the oldest permanent specialized agency of the United Nations, established in October 1945 with the objective of defeating hunger and improving nutrition and standards of living by increasing agricultural productivity. With over 194 member states, FAO works in over 130 countries. In agriculture, FAO is the lead agency. The correct option is E.

The International Energy Charter is a “declaration of political intention aiming at strengthening energy cooperation between the signatory states;” however, the Charter “does not bear any legally binding obligation or financial commitment. It maps out common principles for international cooperation in the field of energy. The International Energy Charter reflects some of the most topical energy challenges of the 21st century, in particular: The International Energy Charter is a “declaration of political intention aiming at strengthening energy cooperation between the signatory states;” however, the Charter “does not bear any legally binding obligation or financial commitment. It maps out common principles for international cooperation in the field of energy. The International Energy Charter reflects some of the most topical energy challenges of the 21st century, in particular: 

• “the growing weight of developing countries for global energy security,

• the “trilemma” between energy security, economic development and environmental protection,

• the role of enhanced energy trade for sustainable development,

• the need to promote access to modern energy services, energy poverty reduction, clean technology and capacity building,

• the need for diversification of energy sources and routes,

• the role of regional integration of energy markets” (International Energy Charter, 2016).

Therefore, the correct option is E.

NATO aims at guaranteeing the freedom and security of its members through political and military means.NATO is committed to the peaceful resolution of disputes. If diplomatic efforts fail, it has the military power to undertake crisis-management operations.

NATO is committed to the principle that an attack against one or several of its members is considered as an attack against all. This is the principle of collective defense

A “NATO decision” is the expression of the collective will of all 29 member countries since all decisions are taken by consensus.

Members can bring any issue of concern, especially related to the security of a member country.