The Group of Seven (G-7) is a forum of the world’s seven most industrialized economies. G-6 was formed in 1975 by France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Canada was invited to join this group in 1976 that eventually cThe Group of Seven (G-7) is a forum of the world’s seven most industrialized economies. G-6 was formed in 1975 by France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Canada was invited to join this group in 1976 that eventually created the Group of Seven. In 1998, the Russian Federation (RF) was accepted by the G-7 countries as a full member, transforming G-7 into the Group of Eight (G-8). However, in 2014, Russia was suspended from G-8 after it had annexed Crimea and created tensions with Ukraine. reated the Group of Seven. In 1998, the Russian Federation (RF) was accepted by the G-7 countries as a full member, transforming G-7 into the Group of Eight (G-8). However, in 2014, Russia was suspended from G-8 after it had annexed Crimea and created tensions with Ukraine. The correct answer is C.

There are three conceptions of human security, natural rights-rule of law conception, humanitarian conception and broader view conception. Humanitarian conception is based on state’s and international community’s responsibility to protect human beings from human rights violations such as genocide, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace. The correct option is C.

Dimensions of human security and lists PostCold War developments are as follows:
• growing disparities in economic opportunities both within and between states;
• increasing hardships faced by peoples in the developing world who found themselves on the margins of a globalizing world economy;
• diminishing non-renewable resources leading families and groups to become refugees;
• rising anti-foreigner feelings and violence in reaction to migration pressures from the developing to the developed world;
• proliferating intrastate conflicts increasing public interest in, and pressure for, humanitarian intervention.”

Internecine terrorism refers to the conflict that spills over into another country or fought on foreign soil (Table 6.3). Therefore, the correct option is A.

Imperialism has always been at the center of debates in International Relations since the late 19th century. Imperialism signifies an asymmetrical relationship between the materially advanced societies and relatively “backward” societies. Energy imperialism, as a concept in IR, is mostly used for the situations where the natural resources are used by a state as a leverage to attain its political and military objectives (Harshe, 2005, 2071). The correct answer is E.

Security dilemma is another key feature of the competitive international system. Security dilemma refers to a condition in which actions taken by one actor to improve its national security are interpreted as aggressive/offensive by other actors, thereby provoking military counter-moves (Griffiths, O’Callaghan, and Roach, 2008: 295; Heywood, 2011: 19).

Alliances are arrangements between states and, in some cases, independent authorities other than states.

Alliances are explicit agreements. Nevertheless, explicitness of an alliance agreement does not necessarily mean that the agreement is made by a formal treaty and declared to other states and registered with the United Nations.

General commitments such as the League of Nations, the United Nations, or their affiliated specialized agencies and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) are not considered formal military alliances.

The arrangements for mutual security and general defense cooperation like the US-Turkey Defense and Economic Cooperation, which deals exclusively with bases, military aid, financial aid, and training programs, are not considered as alliances (Krause
and Singer, 2001).

Alliances contribute to the national security of states. Alliances provide states an air of seriousness that clearly distinguishes them from agreements in other areas of foreign policy, such as finance or commerce.

The 21st century presents a new approach to security threats. Today scholars and politicians alike have been debating non-traditional security (NTS) threats, which are also known as nonmilitary threats, to better understand world politics and take the necessary measures to sustain and promote the international order. Among the critical NTS are environmental security, economic security, the security of food and water resources. Other NTS include migration, climate change, diseases and pandemics, social issues, human trafficking and drugs. Therefore, the correct option is E.

The humanitarian conception is an extension of the state responsibility approach to protect citizens based on the natural rights conception of human rights because it depends on “the right to intervene” or “duty to intervene” of the international community in countries with gross human rights violations. Even if this contradicts with the core principles of international relations (such as the state sovereignty, the prohibition of use of force against the territorial integrity, and non-interference in the domestic affairs of a sovereign country), the security of the state does not automatically mean the security of its citizens. Therefore, the correct option is B.

The Group of Seven (G-7) is a forum of the world’s seven most industrialized economies. G-6 was formed in 1975 by France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Canada was invited to join this group in 1976 that eventually created the Group of Seven. In 1998, the Russian Federation (RF) was accepted by the G-7 countries as a full member, transforming G-7 into the Group of Eight (G-8). However, in 2014, Russia was suspended from G-8 after it had annexed Crimea and created tensions with Ukraine. The correct answer is C.

In 2017, an estimated of nearly 821 million people faced persistent hunger and chronic food deprivation

• Blocking emergency communications orcutting off electricity orwaterin thewake of a conventional
  bombing or a biological, chemical, or radiation attack,
  • Destroying the actual machinery of the information infrastructure,
  • Disrupting the information technology underlying the internet, government computer networks,
  or critical civilian systems such as financial networks or mass media,
  • Using computer networks to take over machines that control traffic lights, power plants, or dams
  in order to cause collateral damage,
  • Stealing classified information, altering the content of web pages, disseminating false information,
  sabotaging operations, erasing data etc. in cyber milieu,
  • Disrupting financial markets or media broadcasts, an attack could undermine confidence or cause
  panic such as breaching dams, colliding airplanes, shutting down the power grid etc., via remote
  control systems (Nardia, 2013)

are some examples of cyber terrorism. 

Sustainability means that the requested energy can be supplied without any disruption as long as the energy is needed (APERC, 2017). The correct answer is B.

Environmental changes might lead to a conflict and possibly to an international war as a result of

1) Food shortages due to decreases in net global agricultural production;

2) Decreased availability and quality of fresh water in key regions due to shifted precipitation patterns, causing more frequent floods and droughts;

3) Disrupted access to energy supplies due to extensive sea ice and storminess.

Therefore, the correct option is C.

Modernity is a period dating back to the 17th and 18th centuries and extending to the mid-20th century (Kırılmaz and Ayparçası, 2016: 33). It is a historical era that refers to concepts such as the nation state, nationalism, industrialization, proletariat, nuclear family, secularism, urbanization, democracy, bureaucracy, bourgeoisie, the rule of law. Therefore, the correct option is C.

There are some general characteristics of human security. First, human security has become a concern of everyone; thus, it is universal. Second, the interdependent character of human security threats necessitates the cooperation of states in security issues. Third, the human security approach attaches greater importance to early prevention than intervention because the cost of late intervention may be very high. Finally, the individual-centered approach of human security is undisputable

International anti-terrorism initiatives continue to suffer from three major weaknesses:

1) the problem of how to define terrorism,

2) inadequate efforts,

3) the limited resources and expertise.

Therefore, the correct option is D.

Omni-balancing is a more suitable strategy to explain the balancing behavior of the leaders of the third world states. This concept suggests that omnibalancing explains Third World alignments as a consequence of leaders seeking to counter internal and external threats to their rule. Therefore, the correct option is B.